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Energies 2017,10, 1314
battery. LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA),arelativelynewcathode,hasaveryhighenergydensityhowever it is
potentially thermallyunstablestability,meaningareducedsafety.
3.3. State of theArt—Roadmap
Demandson lifetimeandenergy/powerdensityareever increasing toextendtheduration in
which the battery canbeused. Hence, there is a continuousneed to further improve lithium-ion
batteries [46]. Thissectionwill explainwhichfuture trendscanbeexpectedduringthenextdecades,
an overview is given in Figure 4, which is limited to lithium-ion batteries. Other types, such as
sodium-ion,zincair, lithium-airarestill inaveryearlyphaseandthusomittedfromthisoverview.
Figure4.RoadmapofLithium-ionbasedbatteries frompresentupto>10years.
Theworldofbatteries is changingveryrapidlywhich is thereasonwhyit isveryhardtopredict
themostpromisingbattery chemistry. It canbedisruptedveryeasily if anovel type/chemistry is
discovered inmaterial scienceswithsuperiorproperties. Howeversometrendsarealreadyvisible
whenlimitingto lithium-ionbasedbatteries.
The first clear trend is to use different electrodeswhich have a significant higher theoretical
capacity such as sulfur (1672 mAh/g [47]), silicon (4200 mAh/g [37]) and lithium metal
(3860mA/g[48]). Thiswill inherently increase theenergydensityof thecell since theelectrodes itself
canstoremoreenergy.Asecondtrendis to increasethevoltage limitofasinglecell toaround5Vsince
it isaharmonizedvoltagevalueusedin thefieldofelectronics. This trendwillalso increase thecells
energydensitydueto itsdefinitionwhichcanbesimplyrepresentedas integralof theactual capacity
multipliedwith theactualvoltage. The third trendis togotowardssolidstateelectrolytessinceusing
liquidelectrolytescancausesafetyproblemswhenleaking. Ingeneral it canbeconcludedthat in the
near future theenergydensityandsafetyare the twokeytopics, inwhichsignificant improvementcan
beexpectedduringthenextdecade[32].
Tomakepredictions further thanadecade isextremelydifficultbut lithium-magnesiumisworth
mentioning. It has superior energydensity and is abundantly available, but is still in averyearly
phase [49].
In thispaper,asalreadymentioned, thegoal is toperformapriceestimationupto2030. Thebest
overall chemistrynowin2015 isNMC(6:2:2) as cathodecombinedwithgraphite as anodedue to
theirhighenergydensityandlifetime. It canbeseen in literaturemanyresearcheffortsorongoing
onsiliconbasedcells. Therefore in2030namelyasilicon-alloyanodecombinedanickel richcathode
(NMC(6:2:2)) tomaximize itsenergycontentwillbemost likelyonthemarket.Anoverviewof the
twobatterychemistries,usedthis researchaswellas theirpackenergydensity is showninTable5.
Throughout these twobattery typeswillbereferredtoasbattery Iandbattery II.
113
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik