Seite - 122 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1314 chemistries, onewhich canbe consideredas state of the art in 2015, namelyNMCandonewhich willbeconsideredasstateof theart in2030,namelysiliconbasedlithium-ionbatteries.Additionally, thismethodology iscombinedwith learningcurves towhichwill includethematuringof thebattery market. Material costs represent themajority of costs in a batterypack (66%) ofwhich the active material, responsible for the intercalationof li-ions, is themost costly component. Byusingsilicon basedbatteries a cost reductionperkWhof 30%. The limit of 100Dollar/kWhwill be reached in 2020–2025forsiliconbasedbatteriesandin2025–2030forNMCbatteries. This lowpricewillhavea significant impactontheoverallpriceofanelectricvehiclessince thebatteryrepresents the largest cost. Thispricereductionwillaide in themassadoptionofelectricvehicles. Author Contributions: Gert Berckmans performed the research and wrote the paper. The supervisors: Lieselot Vanhaverbeke and Joeri VanMierlo aswell asMaartenMessagie, Jelle Smekens andNoshinOmar provided interestingdisucssionsadn interesting insights inS the research. All authors readandapproved the finalmanuscript. Conflictsof Interest:Theauthorsdeclarenotconflictsof interest. References 1. Hooftman,N.;Oliveira, L.;Messagie,M.;Coosemans,T.;Mierlo, J.V. EnvironmentalAnalysis ofPetrol, DieselandElectricPassengerCars inaBelgianUrbanSetting. Energies2016,9, 84. 2. Oliveira, L.; Messagie, M.; Rangaraju, S.; Sanfelix, J.; Rivas, M.H.; Mierlo, J.V. Key issues of lithium-ionbatteries e fromresourcedepletion to environmentalperformance indicators. J. Clean. Prod. 2015,108, 354–362. 3. COP21. Availableonline: http://www.cop21paris.org/about/cop21/(accessedon19April2017). 4. EuropeanCommission. WhitePaper: EuropeanTransportPolicy for 2010: Time toDecide; TechnicalReport; EuropeanCommission: Luxemburg,2001. 5. Grunditz,E.A.;Thiringer,T. PerformanceAnalysisofCurrentBEVs—BasedonaComprehensiveReviewof Specifications. IEEETrans. Transp. Electr. 2016,2, 270–289. 6. Wolfram, A.P.; Lutsey, N. Electric Vehicles: Literature Review of Technology Costs and Carbon Emissions; The InternationalCouncilonCleanTransportation:Washington,DC,USA,2016;pp. 1–23. 7. EuropeanAlternative FuelsObservatory. Available online: http://www.eafo.eu/vehicle-statistics/m1 (accessedon15March2017). 8. Delucchi,M.E.;Lipman,T. AnAnalysisof theRetailandLifecycleCostofBarrery-PoweredElectricVehicles. Transp. Res. PartD2001,6, 371–404. 9. Neubauer, J.;Wood,E.Theimpactofrangeanxietyandhome,workplace,andpubliccharginginfrastructure onsimulatedbatteryelectricvehicle lifetimeutility. J.PowerSource2014,257, 12–20. 10. Rauh,N.; Franke, T.; Krems, J.F. Understanding the Impact of Electric VehicleDriving Experience on RangeAnxiety. J.Hum. FactorsErgon. Soc. 2015,57, 177–187. 11. Franke, T.; Neumann, I.; Bühler, F.; Cocron, P.; Krems, J.F. ExperiencingRange in an Electric Vehicle: UnderstandingPsychologicalBarriers. Appl. Psychol. 2012,61, 368–391. 12. Franke,T.;Krems, J.F.Whatdrivesrangepreferences inelectricvehicleusers? Transp. Policy2013,30, 56–62. 13. Pearre,N.S.;Kempton,W.;Guensler,R.L.;Elango,V.V. Electricvehicles:Howmuchrange is requiredfora day’sdriving? Transp. Res. PartCEmerg. Technol. 2011,19, 1171–1184. 14. Dong, J.; Liu, C.; Lin, Z. Charging infrastructure planning for promoting battery electric vehicles: Anactivity-basedapproachusingmultidaytraveldata. Transp. Res. PartCEmerg. Technol. 2014,38, 44–55. 15. Bakker, J.ContestingRangeAnxiety:TheRoleofElectricVehicleChargingInfrastructure intheTransportation Transition.Master’sThesis,EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,Eindhoven,TheNetherlands,2011. 16. International Energy Agency (IEA). Technology Roadmap: Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles; TechnicalReport; InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA):Paris,France,2011. 17. KlynveldPeatMarwickGoerdeler KPMG’sGlobalAutomotiveExecutiveSurvey. Availableonline: https:// assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2017/01/global-automotive-executive-survey-2017.pdf (accessedon16May2017). 122