Seite - 271 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 437 Table2.All feasiblecandidates torealizemulti-modePHEV. CandidateNo. AdditionalElement OperatingMode RedundantElement Equivalent Candidate #1 Reference Basic (EV#1,Powersplit) - - #2 CL1 Basic CL1 #1 #3 BK1 Basic BK1 #1 #4 BK2 Basic+EV#2 - - #5 BK3 Basic+Parallel - - #6 CL1,BK1 Basic+Series - - #7 CL1,BK2 Basic+EV#2 CL1 #4 #8 CL1,BK3 Basic+Parallel CL1 #5 #9 BK1,BK2 Basic+EV#2 BK1 #4 #10 BK1,BK3 Basic+Parallel BK1 #5 #11 BK2,BK3 Basic+EV#2,Parallel - - #12 CL1,BK1,BK2 Basic+EV#2,Series - - #13 CL1,BK1,BK3 Basic+Parallel, Series - - #14 CL1,BK2,BK3 Basic+EV#2,Parallel CL1 #11 #15 BK1,BK2,BK3 Basic+EV#2,Parallel BK1 #11 #16 CL1,BK1,BK2,BK3 Basic+EV#2,Parallel, Series - - Reference #1: Basic (EV#1, Power split) #4: Basic + EV#2 #5: Basic + Parallel #6: Basic + Series #11: Basic + EV#2, Parallel #12: Basic + EV#2, Series #13: Basic + Parallel, Series #16: Basic + EV#2, Parallel, Series /) '0) /) Output $CVVGT[ Electrical pathS C R PG /) '0) /) Output $CVVGT[ Electrical pathS C R PG $- /) '0) /) Output $CVVGT[ Electrical pathS C R PG $- /) '0) /) Output $CVVGT[ Electrical pathS C R PG $- %. /) '0) /) Output $CVVGT[ Electrical pathS C R PG $- $- /) '0) /) Output $CVVGT[ Electrical pathS C R PG $- %. $- /) '0) /) Output $CVVGT[ Electrical path $- %. $- S C R PG /) '0) /) Output $CVVGT[ Electrical pathS C R PG $- $- $- %. Figure7.Eightcandidateswithoperatingmodes. 3.ComponentLossModel AsshowninFigure7,eightcandidates fornewPHEVconfigurationswereobtainedusingthe additional clutchandbrake. Ingeneral, it is expected that, as thenumberof theoperatingmodes increases, thefueleconomyincreases, since thePHEVcanbeoperatedwithhighefficiencybyselecting theproperoperatingmode for thegivenwheel torqueandspeed. However, additionaldrivetrain componentssuchas theclutchandbrakecauseparasiticpower loss. Therefore, theprosandconsof themulti-modeoperationneedtobeevaluatedwhenaddingtheoperatingmode. In this study, toevaluate theeffectof thepowerelectronic (PE) lossanddrivetrain lossonthe fuel economy, thecomponent lossmodelswereobtainedbasedonthemathematicalgoverningequation andexperimental results. 271