Seite - 279 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 437 possiblecombinationsof26 candidates, sixteencandidateswereselectedbyconsideringtheoperation conditionof theengineandMG1inarealdrivingenvironment, and,finally, eightcandidateswere obtainedbyeliminatingthecandidates thathadaredundantelement. Toevaluate the fueleconomy of the selectedcandidates, the lossmodelsof thepowerelectronic system(MG1,MG2,HDC)and drivetraincomponents (gear,planetarygear, clutch,brake,bearing,MG1unloaded loss, etc.) were obtained based on themathematical governing equation and experimental results. Based on the component lossmodel, abackwardsimulatorwasdevelopedusingdynamicprogrammingtofindthe maximumpotential for the fuel economyof thePHEVcandidates for thegivendrivingdutycycle. Usingthebackwardsimulation,acomparativeanalysiswasperformedunder thepresenceorabsence of thedrivetrain losses,anditwas foundthat theselectionof theoperatingmodeandtheoperation timeofeachmodevary, since thedrivetrain lossesaffect thesystemefficiency. The fueleconomyalso decreasedbyasmuchas8.1%for theHWFETcycle. Inaddition, itwasfoundfromthecomparativeanalysis that,evenif theadditionalmodesresult in flexibilitywhenselecting theoperatingmode, thusprovidingahighersystemefficiencyfor thegiven wheelpowerandvehiclespeed,additionaldrivetrainelements torealize themodescandeteriorate the fueleconomydueto the lossesof theadditionalelements. It isalsonotedthat theseriesmodewas neveruseddue to its lowsystemefficiency. Ontheotherhand, theparallelmodecan improve the systemefficiencysince thePEloss is reducedcomparedwith theothermodes. It isexpectedthat thedesignmethodologyproposed in this study,whichconsiders thedrivetrain losses, canbeusedindevelopmentofnewPHEVconfigurations. Acknowledgments:Thismaterial isbaseduponworksupportedbytheMinistryofTrade, Industry,andEnergy (MOTIE,Korea)under IndustrialTechnologyInnovationProgram.No.10062742. AuthorContributions:HanhoSondevelopedthedesignmethodologyofapowersplit typePHEVconsidering drivetrainlossesandwrotethepaper.KyusikParkdevelopedtheindividualmodelsofthetargetPHEVpowertrain anddrivetrain losses.HyunsooKimandSunghoHwangsupervisedthis researchandwrote thepaper. Conflictsof Interest:Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictof interest. References 1. U.S.DOE.Chapter8:AdvancedCleanTransportationandVehicleSystemsandTechonologies,Quadrennial TechnologyReview2015.Availableonline: https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/01/f28/QTR2015- 8E-Plug-in-Electric-Vehicles.pdf (accessedon11January2017). 2. Ehsani,M.; Gao, Y.; Gay, S.; Emadi, A.Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles, 2nd ed.; CRCPress: BocaRaton,FL,USA,2009. 3. Matsubara,T.;Yaguchi,H.;Takaoka,T.; Jinno,K.DevelopmentofNewHybridSystemforCompactClassVehicles; SAETechnicalPaper:Detroit,MI,USA,2009. [CrossRef] 4. Brendan,C.ComparativeAnalysis ofSingle andCombinedHybridElectricallyVariableTransmissionOperating Modes; SAETechnicalPaper:Detroit,MI,USA,2005. [CrossRef] 5. Schulz,M.Circulatingmechanicalpower inapower-splithybridelectricvehicle transmission.Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. PartDJ.Automob. Eng. 2004,218, 1419–1425. [CrossRef] 6. Ma,C.;Kang, J.;Choi,W.;Song,M.; Ji, J.;Kim,H.Acomparativestudyonthepowercharacteristicsand control strategies forplug-inhybridelectricvehicles. Int. J.Automot. Technol. 2012,13, 505–516. [CrossRef] 7. Silvas,E.;Hofman,T.;Murgovski,N.;PascalEtman,L.F.; Steinbuch,M.Reviewofoptimizationstrategies forsystem-leveldesign inhybridelectricvehicles. IEEETrans.Veh. Technol. 2017,66, 57–70. [CrossRef] 8. Zhang,X.;Peng,H.;Sun,J.Anear-optimalpowermanagementstrategyforrapidcomponentsizingofpower splithybridvehicleswithmultipleoperatingmode. InProceedingsof theAmericanControlConference (ACC),Washington,DC,USA,17–19 June2013. 9. Kim, J.;Kim,N.;Hwang,S.;Hori,Y.;Kim,H.Motorcontrolof input-splithybridelectricvehicles. Int. J. Automot. Technol. 2009,10, 733–742. [CrossRef] 10. Hofman,T.;Ebbesen,S.;Guzzella,L.Topologyoptimization forhybridelectricvehicleswithautomated transmissions. IEEETrans.Veh. Technol. 2012,61, 2442–2451. [CrossRef] 279