Page - (000429) - in Autonomes Fahren - Technische, rechtliche und gesellschaftliche Aspekte

Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systems for Future Urban Mobility414 arrival at their destination, but the time spent waiting for the vehicle could be used for productive work as opposed to being stuck in traffic. Specifically, for highly congested systems, vehicle departures can be staggered to avoid excessive congestion, and the routing problem is similar to the simultaneous departure and routing problem [37]. Besides congestion, several additional directions are open for future research. As far as modeling is concerned, those include (i) analysis in a time-varying setup (e.g., with peri- odically time-varying arrival rates), (ii) inclusion of mesoscopic and microscopic effects into the models (e.g., increased throughput due to platooning or automated intersections), and (iii) more complex models for the transportation requests (e.g., time windows or pri- orities). On the control side, those include (i) inclusion of recharging constraints in the routing process, (ii) control of AMoD systems as part of a multi-modal transportation network, which should address synergies between AMoD and alternative transportation modes and interactions with human-driven vehicles, and (iii) deployment of control algo- rithms on real-world test beds. 19.4.2 Future research on AMoD evaluation The AMoD evaluation presented in Section 19.3 already showed that AMoD systems might hold significant financial benefits. Remarkably, such financial benefits might be even larger when one also accounts for the positive externalities of an AMoD system, e.g., im- proved safety, freeing up urban land for other uses, and even creating a new economy based on infotainment systems onboard the self-driving vehicles. Such additional benefits, how- ever, have not been thoroughly characterized yet and require additional analyses. Another research direction involves the evaluation of AMoD systems for more complex deployment options, e.g., as a last-mile solution within a multi-modal transportation system, or with a more sophisticated service structure, e.g., multiple priority classes. 19.5 Conclusions This chapter overviewed recent results regarding the modeling, control, and evaluation of autonomous mobility-on-demand systems. Case studies of New York City and Singapore suggest that it would be much more affordable (and more convenient) to access mobility in an AMoD system compared to traditional mobility systems based on private vehicle ownership. More studies are however needed to devise efficient, system-wide coordination algorithms for complex AMoD systems as part of a multi-modal transportation network, and to fully assess the related economic benefits.