Page - 93 - in Europäische Bild- und Buchkultur im 13. Jahrhundert

93 michaEla schullEr-JuckEs Encounters in Books Superregional Collaboration in Illuminated Manuscripts Around 1300 The mobility of scribes and illuminators, and the cultural transfer this involved, has received growing attention in recent research.1 Material from the universities of Bologna and Paris implies an intensification of exchange processes across Europe in the second half of the thirteenth century.2 No less dynamic was the situation in Languedoc and its capital Toulouse, where the legally focussed university flourished in the late thirteenth century.3 This attracted illuminators from the north, as well * The present article is mainly based on research from the project „The Illuminated Manu- scripts in the University Library of Graz. 1200‒1300“ (P 26237), funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF). ‒ I would like to thank Tim Juckes for translating the text into English. 1 See: Maria Alessandra Bilotta (ed.): Medieval Europe in Motion. The Circulation of Ar- tists, Images, Patterns and Ideas from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Coast (6th‒15th centuries). Palermo 2019 (with extensive further literature). 2 Drawing on sources and manuscripts connected to the universities of Bologna and Paris, various studies have already shown the lively nature of exchange among illuminators and scribes in Europe in the period. See among others: Gerhard Schmidt: Beobachtungen über die Mobilität von Buchmalern im 14. Jahrhundert. In: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, Sprawozdania 96 (1978), pp. 35‒39, reprinted and slightly modified in 2003 and 2005 as: Beobachtungen betreffend die Mobilität von Buchmalern im 14. Jahr- hundert, in: Codices manuscripti 42/43 (2003), pp. 1‒25, and in: Malerei der Gotik. Fix- punkte und Ausblicke. Vol. 2, ed. by Martin Roland, Graz 2005, pp. 65‒87; Frank P. W. Soetermeer: À propos d´une famille de copistes. Quelques remarques sur la librairie à Bologne aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles. In: Studi medievale ser 3, 30 (1989), pp. 425‒478; Richard H. Rouse / Mary A. Rouse: Wandering Scribes and Travelling Artists: Raulinus of Fremington and His Bolognese Bible. In: A Distinct Voice: Medieval Studies in Ho- nor of Leonard E. Boyle, O. P., ed. by Jacqueline Brown / William P. Stoneman, Notre Dame (IN) 1997, pp. 32‒67; Susan L’Engle / Robert Gibbs: Illuminating the Law: Legal Manuscripts in Cambridge Collections. Exhibition Catalogue, Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, 3 Nov.‒16 Dec. 2001; Alison Stones: Gothic Manuscripts 1260‒1320. 2 vols., London / Turnhout 2013 and 2014 (A Survey of Manuscripts Illuminated in France); Karl-Georg Pfändtner: Die Anziehungskraft der Universitäten. Quellen zu Migrations- bewegungen von Schreibern und Buchmalern in der mittelalterlichen Boom-Region Bologna. In: Wege zum illuminierten Buch. Herstellungsbedingungen für Buchmalerei in Mittelalter und früher Neuzeit, ed. by Christine Beier / Evelyn Theresia Kubina, Vi- enna / Cologne / Weimar 2014, pp. 45‒65. 3 On the University of Toulouse: Cyril Eugene Smith: The University of Toulouse in the Middle Ages. Its Origins and Growth to 1500 A.D., Milwaukee 1958, here p. 73. On ma- nuscripts from Toulouse, see, among others: Jean Porcher / Paul Mesplé (ed.): Dix siècles d’enluminure et de sculpture en Languedoc, VIIe-XVIe siècles. Toulouse 1954; Marcel Durliat (ed.): Trésors d’enluminure en Languedoc. Toulouse 1963; Maria Alessandra Bi- lotta: Nuovi materiali per lo studio della produzione miniata tolosana: il ritrovamento di un bifolio staccato proveniente da un Liber Sextus del XIV secolo. In: Segno e Testo 8 (2010), pp. 265‒283 (with much further literature); Stones, Gothic Manuscripts I/1 (cit.