Page - 258 - in Europäische Bild- und Buchkultur im 13. Jahrhundert

258 stElla panayotoVa demarcations of folds and highlights (pls. 11a, c, d).45 The modelling of red lead fabrics with a red glaze in the Bolognese Bible of c. 1260 is a precociously early exception (pl. 11b).46 How consistent was the three-dimensional treatment of drapery in the earliest French and English examples of the 1260s and 1270s? Red, pink and green fabrics often seem flatter than blue or purple ones. However, drapery that looks plane now may have been three-dimensional originally: its current appearance may be due to the alteration of glazes in the top layer of modelling. Organics, especially pinks and yellows, fade and degrade easily, becoming unrecognisable or invisible to the naked eye.47 In Master Honoré’s miniatures, excised from the parent manuscript centuries ago and likely framed on well-lit walls in modern times, pinks have faded to flat tans (pl. 10). In the opening miniature of the Lambeth Apocalypse St John’s red lead cloak was modelled with an organic glaze that has darkened into unsightly stains (pl. 12a). Non-invasive methods cannot identify the specific sources of organics as yet,48 but are increasingly detecting glazes in thirteenth-century manuscripts made across Europe. Glazes created glowing, translucent surfaces (pl. 3b). They transformed under- lying hues, notably ultramarine turned purple by organic reds, although the latter 45 For further evidence from four Italian manuscripts of c. 1260‒1300, see Richard Ga- meson / Giorgia Marucci et al.: The Colour of the Law. In: Codices Manuscripti & Impressi 112/113 (2018), S. 13‒45. 46 See n. 21. 47 Mark Clarke: Colours versus colourants in art history. Evaluating lost manuscript yel- lows. In: Revista de história da arte ser. W/1 (2011), pp. 138‒151. 48 Paola Ricciardi / Catherine Schmidt Patterson: Analytical Techniques. In: Panayotova, Handbook (cit. n. 10). pl. 11: Photomicroscopy details of drapery modelling in MS 1056–1975, fol. 434v, Bologna, c.1260 (a–b); MS McClean 201.11d, Perugia, c. 1300 (c–d)