Page - 5 - in Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

5 and/or spiritual health and well-being. For example, city urban planning projects encourage physical exercise through green infrastructure as a measure to improve human health (Marselle et  al. 2013), while also contributing to climate change adaptation as well as to nature conservation. Use of green spaces for health has been advocated inter alia by the New Zealand Ministry of Health’s ‘Green Prescriptions’ programme,1 the USA National Park Service’s ‘Parks and Trails Prescription Partnerships’ programme,2 as well as by the German Government’s ‘Soziale Stadt’3 and ‘Grün in der Stadt’4 initiatives, the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation’s ‘Urban Biodiversity’5 theme, the ‘Outdoors for All’ programme by Natural England6 and Scottish Natural Heritage’s ‘Our Natural Health Service’ ini- tiative.7 These co-benefits can only be achieved, however, through joined-up, col- laborative, cross-sectoral and transdisciplinary working, and in this book we demonstrate with case studies good practice examples. Awareness of the impacts of climate change and biodiversity on human health is growing. With this book, we hope to catalyse the discussion about the integral links between climate change, biodiversity and human health. Specifically, this book not only identifies the contribution of biodiversity to physical health, but also to mental and spiritual health and  well-being in the face of climate change. The implications of the biodiversity–health relationship for public health, nature conservation, pro- environmental behaviour, protected areas and landscape architecture and design are detailed. The book compiles current policy and practice integrating biodiversity, human health and climate change adaptation at both national and international levels. 1.2 Scope of  the  Book Integrating biodiversity, human health and climate change requires new approaches and transdisciplinary working. One of the challenges facing research, policy and practice on biodiversity and health is that the science has not fully joined together the different disciplines of biodiversity, ecology, public health, psychology, natural resource management, urban planning and landscape architecture to provide a 1 http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/preventative-health-wellness/physical-activity/green- prescriptions 2 https://www.nps.gov/public_health/hp/hphp/partners_ptp.htm 3 https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/bauen-wohnen/stadt-wohnen/staedtebau/soziale-stadt/ soziale-stadt-node.html;jsessionid=9F4F2DB35101A11DD1530AE7BA605ABB.1_cid287 4 https://www.gruen-in-der-stadt.de/ 5 https://www.bfn.de/themen/planung/siedlungsbereich.html 6 http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/outdoors-for-all-fair-access-to-a-good- quality-natural-environment 7 https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/contributing-healthier-scotland/our-natural- health-service 1 Biodiversity and  Health in  the  Face of  Climate Change: Challenges, Opportunities…