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10 regarding the design of these types of interventions. Thomas Elmqvist and co- authors propose applying systems thinking to foster sustainable urban develop- ment and resilience. They discuss Knowledge-Action-Systems for urban health, in which knowledge of complex urban system functions and interactions with cli- mate change, and NBS for economic, environmental and social dimensions of urban development, are interlinked by constant feedback loops. The last chapter in this part by Stefan Heiland and colleagues refers to the opportunities for integrat- ing human health into landscape planning projects in order to cope with climate change and societal change. The authors discuss planning policy opportunities for incorporating health issues in Germany and the UK, and provide examples of health-promoting landscape design. The book is complemented with a conclusion chapter  which summarises the main challenges for research, policy and practice described in the chapters, high- lights opportunities for future developments, and presents  recommendations for tackling the inter-related issues  of biodiversity, health and climate change. We hope this book provides important pointers to the flourishing debate on the importance of biodiversity to human health in this current time of climate change, and illustrates good practice with demonstration case studies. Ultimately, we hope this book can fuel further advances in science, policy and practice. Many of the themes have applications beyond urban systems as they focus on solutions for pub- lic health, biodiversity conservation and climate adaptation in a changing world. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) with funds of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU) through the research project “Conferences on Climate Change and Biodiversity” (BIOCLIM, project duration from 2014 to 2017, funding code: 3514 80 020A). Dr. Irvine’s involvement was funded by the Rural & Environment Science & Analytical Services Division of the Scottish Government. References Aerts R, Honnay O, Van Nieuwenhuyse A (2018) Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces. Br Med Bull 127(1):5–22 Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali L, Knight TM, Pullin AS (2010a) Urban greening to cool towns and cit- ies: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landsc Urban Plan 97:147–155. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006 Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali L, Knight T, Pullin AS (2010b) A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health 10:456. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-456 Capaldi CA, Passmore H, Nisbet EK, Zelenski JM, Dopko RL (2015) Flourishing in nature: a review of the benefits of connecting with nature and its application as a wellbeing intervention. Int J  Wellbeing 5(4):1–16. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v5i4.449 Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A et  al (2012) Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11148 Carrus G, Scopelliti M, Lafortezza R et  al (2015) Go greener, feel better? The positive effects of biodiversity on the well-being of individuals visiting urban and peri-urban green areas. Landsc Urban Plann 134:221–228 M. R. Marselle et al.