Page - 83 - in Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

83 research that will enable the achievement of disease-specific national and global goals and contribute to achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and Universal Health Coverage (WHO 2017a, b). One important policy area is with climate change mitigation policies under the Paris Agreement. Keeping global warming under 2  °C in relation to global tempera- tures before the Industrial Revolution will have an impact on VBD’s spread to zones that have previously been uninhabitable for vectors. However, with current global warming we are already seeing an impact (Dhimal et  al. 2014a, 2015; Ostyn et  al. 2015); therefore, climate change adaptation policies are also directly linked to VBD control and elimination, particularly in those areas that have previously not shown any risk to VBD’s or evidence of prevalence. VBD control and elimination need to be addressed from an interdisciplinary and trans-sectoral approach, not just in the health sector. It is highly important to situate VBD control and elimination within a wider understanding of planetary health  (Whitmee et  al. 2015). Global policy approaches need to address a One Health approach, which interlinks human and animal health within planetary eco- system processes that are determined by human action and therefore global change  (Steffen et  al. 2015; Whitmee et  al. 2015). Another policy area is influenced by Sustainable Development Goals that guide regional, national and local policies and practices and are directly interlinked with VBD control (Table  4.2). We argue that Sustainable Development Goals will only be lasting if ensuring good health and well-being, which will rely on effective vector control as well as on initiatives for clean water and sanitation (Goal 6), sustainable cities and communi- ties (Goal 11), climate action (Goal 13), life on land and biodiversity (Goal 15), among others. Multiple approaches that are implemented by different sectors will be required for control and elimination of VBDs, such as those promoting healthy environments (Pruss-Ustun et  al. 2016). Recognition that climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies can have substantial benefits for both health and biodiversity conservation presents policy options that are potentially both more cost-effective and socially attractive than are those that address these priorities independently. Any policy, for example the move and expansion of vectors, through transportation and livestock trade and movement on a local, national and sub-national level, needs to be coordinated in a regional context addressing global change challenges. Acknowledgements We are grateful to our funders: Ruth Müller is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF) under the project AECO (number 01Kl1717), part of the National Research Network on Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. Friederike Reuss is funded by the Hessian Centre on Climate Change of the Hessian Agency for Conservation, Environment and Geology. 4 Vector-Borne Diseases