Page - 143 - in Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

143 The SRT details a sequential process in which viewing a natural scene has an effect on one’s feelings and behaviour, largely through the autonomic nervous sys- tem (Irvine et  al. 2013, p.  420) (see Fig.  7.2). The SRT starts with the individual’s affective and physiological state (e.g. stressed/unstressed) prior to interacting with the natural environment. This initial state will determine what features of the envi- ronment are perceived (Ulrich 1983). According to the theory, visual perception of the natural environment will initiate an immediate, general affective reaction (e.g. like/dislike) and automatic approach-avoidance behavioural responses (Ulrich 1983). This immediate emotional reaction subsequently influences cognitive appraisals of the scene in terms of its significance for well-being and personal safety. This cognitive appraisal may modify the initial, general affective reaction and will produce additional emotional responses, which in turn will influence a change in physiological arousal, and behaviour (Ulrich 1983). For example, an individual who is stressed spends time in a natural environment. This environment contains visual stimuli that facilitate a general positive affective reaction (i.e. like) and automatic behavioural responses (i.e. approach or stay). Cognitive appraisal assesses the setting for its significance for well-being. The Initial Affective / Physiological State of the individual (e.g. stressed / unstressed) Visual Perception of the Natural Environment Immediate Affective Reaction (e.g. like, dislike, interest, fear) Cognitive Appraisal Emotional Appraisal (e.g. reduced negative emotions, greater positive emotions) Physiological Arousal (e.g. relaxation) Behavioural responses Fig. 7.2 Simplified version of the Stress Reduction Theory of affective/arousal response to a natural environment. (Based on Ulrich 1983) 7 Theoretical Foundations of  Biodiversity and  Mental Well-being Relationships