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154 relationships between fractals in nature and preference. This work on perceptual fluency can also contribute to the restorative outcomes discussed in the ART.  The Biophilia Hypothesis proposes that the learning theory can explain preferences for certain animals and plants. The SRT posits that nature-health relationships are mediated through the autonomic nervous system. The ART states that experiencing four experiential, person-environment qualities (being away, fascination, coher- ence/extent and compatibility) are required for attention restoration. In the Ecosystem Service Cascade Model, the relationship between biodiversity properties and human benefit is mediated through biophysical structures or processes, ecosys- tem functions and ecosystem services in serial. But as biodiversity itself can occur in any stage of the Ecosystem Service Cascade Model, it is still unclear what are the exact casual pathways linking biodiversity to health and well-being (Sandifer et  al. 2015). Conclusion There does not appear to be a single, precise framework to describe biodiversity and mental well-being relationships, as none of the six frameworks discussed in this chapter fully describe either biodiversity or mental well-being out- comes. This is likely an artefact of the way in which the majority of these frame- works have been empirically tested, i.e. by comparing man-made and natural environments (Bowler et  al. 2010; Thompson Coon et  al. 2011). Natural environ- ments, in these studies, are generally treated as uniform without consideration of their biological quality (Dallimer et  al. 2012); in other words, the biodiversity of an environment was not explicitly investigated. Recently, a few researchers have started to test these frameworks using biodiverse environments or stimuli. However, issues still remain about using frameworks largely developed to describe differences in natural or built settings to examine biodiverse environments and specific species. As this inter-disciplinary field develops, it is important for researchers to chal- lenge these existing frameworks. Future researchers could empirically test these frameworks using environments with varying levels of species diversity. Such research can help determine which frameworks are fit for purpose for describing the inter-relationships between biodiversity and mental well-being. Only through this theoretically grounded research can the existing frameworks be ‘evolved’ to better fit biodiversity and mental well-being relationships. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Professor Aletta Bonn for her guidance on the Ecosystem Service Cascade Model and Dr. Katherine Irvine for her recommendations on shaping the chapter. I am grateful to the four peer reviewers and Eike von Lindern for their helpful suggestions. References Bell PA, Greene TC, Fisher JD, Baum A (2001) Environmental psychology. Harcourt, Fort Worth Berlyne DE (1960) Conflict, arousal and curiosity. McGraw-Hill, New  York Berlyne DE (1974) Studies in the new experimental aesthetics: steps toward an objective psychol- ogy of aesthetic appreciation. Halsted Press, New  York M. R. Marselle