Page - 193 - in Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

193 Jones 2017; Rantakokko et  al. 2018; Wolf et  al. 2017). The majority of these assessed depression (Cox et  al. 2017; Duarte-Tagles et  al. 2015; Jones 2017; Rantakokko et  al. 2018) using self-report standardised measures such as the DASS (Cox et  al. 2017), CES-D (Rantakokko et  al. 2018) and PHQ-12 (Jones 2017). Anxiety was assessed also through the use of standardised self-report measures: DASS (Cox et  al. 2017) and the STAI (Wolf et  al. 2017). The DASS was addition- ally used to assess perceived stress (Cox et  al. 2017). General mental health was assessed by Foo (2016) who utilised scales specifically developed for the study. Mental well-being was examined in 13 studies (Carrus et  al. 2015; Cracknell et  al. 2016, 2017; Foo 2016; Johansson et  al. 2014; Jones 2017; Marselle et  al. 2015, 2016; Rantakokko et  al. 2018; Saw et  al. 2015; Wheeler et  al. 2015; White et  al. 2017; Wolf et  al. 2017). The majority assessed emotions (Cracknell et  al. 2016, 2017; Johansson et  al. 2014; Jones 2017; Marselle et  al. 2015, 2016; White et  al. 2017; Wolf et  al. 2017) using standardised self-report measures such as the PANAS (Marselle et  al. 2015, 2016; Wolf et  al. 2017), the Feeling Scale and Felt Arousal Scale (Cracknell et  al. 2016; White et  al. 2017), and the Basic Emotional Process 12 (Johansson et  al. 2014). Quality of life was assessed with the WHO QoL (Rantakokko et  al. 2018). Four studies measured general well-being: 3 studies (Carrus et  al. 2015; Foo 2016; Wheeler et  al. 2015) did not separate physical from mental well-being, and 1 study (Saw et  al. 2015) did not separate mood (a short-term, affective aspect of well-being) from life satisfaction (a long-term, cognitive aspect of well-being, Diener et  al. 1985). Depression Anxiety Stress General mental health Emotions Quality of life General mental wellbeing 0 2 4 Number of studies 6 8 10 Fig. 9.3 Number of mental health and mental well-being variables used across the 16 studies published after 2012. The sum may exceed 100% because some studies address more than one mental health or well-being variable 9 Review of  the  Mental Health and  Well-being Benefits of  Biodiversity