Page - 301 - in Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

301 being developed that attend to the differences between actions having immediate effects versus reductions that only occur over a decadal time-scale (Wolske and Stern 2018). We are also learning to design interventions that are durable (i.e. the behaviour is maintained long after the intervention has ended; Moore and Boldero 2017) and generalisable (i.e. the effect of an intervention spills over to other con- texts and behaviours; Nilsson et  al. 2017) both useful features for promoting and sustaining multiple behaviours. 13.3.3 Cannot Know the  Behaviours Needed Dietz et  al. (2009) highlighted the importance of simultaneously changing multiple behaviours, each selected for their high short-term impact. However, they also pre- dicted that “lifestyle changes may become necessary in the out-years under con- strained energy supply or economic growth scenarios” (2009: 18455). This identifies an important concern. Embedded in our current approach is the assumption that we can know, well  in advance, the appropriate environmental stewardship behaviours to promote. This prior-knowledge would be essential for the development of the policies, incentives or nudges (Thaler and Sunstein 2008) necessary to direct behav- iour. Such knowledge might also be needed for a new behavioural change approach, that of developing boosts that enhance old, or create new, competencies (Hertwig and Grüne-Yanoff 2017). Yet, under the new context posited here, this assumption is not met. There exists only a general outline of required future behaviours, not their details. Indeed, it is nearly impossible to imagine what everyday life might involve after a drastic reduction in surplus energy coupled with accelerating climate disruption. This behavioural predicament is twofold. We cannot prescribe the specific behav- iours that will need adopting decades hence, other than to suggest that they may be very different from what is now familiar. Furthermore, there will be an urgency to respond, which will necessitate the adoption of whole clusters of behaviours; incre- mental and serial change will no longer suffice. 13.4 New Form of  Intervention There is a great difference between green consumerism and a newly emerging pat- tern of behaviours labeled green citizenship. This difference will become increas- ingly important as we confront the new behavioural context. Much of our current attention focuses on encouraging green consumerism. It is assumed that by modify- ing consumer choices it is possible to sustain a techno-industrial society. Green consumerism is fully compatible with efforts to make only incremental changes to techno-industrial society. Within this framework, consumers are treated as fully independent, self-determining and sovereign (Princen 2010; Princen et  al. 2002). 13 Supporting Behavioural Entrepreneurs: Using the  Biodiversity-Health Relationship…