Page - 400 - in Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

400 Table 17.4 Summary characteristics of green infrastructure interventions Reference Study design Intervention Outcome Van Seters et  al. (2009) Toronto, Canada Quasi- experiment, controlled (post data only) A 241  m2 green roof vegetated with wildflowers installed on a multi-story, university building +ve: The green roof retained 63% more rainfall than the conventional roof over the 18  month monitoring period Carpenter and Kaluvakolanu (2011) Michigan, USA Quasi- experiment, controlled (post data only) Extensive green roof of 10.16  cm depth applied to the roof of a building on a university campus; a green roof section of 325.2  m2 and 929  m2 were monitored +ve: Sig. higher total solids concentration (p  =  0.045) for the green roof than the asphalt roof; lower total phosphate concentrations for the green roof (non-sig.); green roof retained 68% of rainfall volume and reduced peak discharge by an average of 89% Mayer et  al. (2012) Ohio, USA Before-after- control- intervention (BACI) experimental design Retro-fit storm water management: Installation of 83 rain gardens and 176 rain barrels onto more than 30% of the 350 eligible residential properties through an incentivised auction (2007–2008) +ve: Intervention had an overall small but sig. effect of decreasing storm water quantity at the sub watershed scale Fassman-Beck et  al. (2013) Auckland, New Zealand Quasi- experiment, controlled (post data only) A 500  m2 extensive green roof installed on a council civic centre +ve: 57% retention of rain water in comparison to control Shuster and Rhea (2013), Roy et  al. (2014) Ohio, USA Before–after– control– intervention (BACI) experimental design Retro-fit storm water management: Installation of 81 rain gardens and 165 rain barrels onto 30% of properties through an incentivised auction (2007–2008) at 4 experimental subcatchments −ve: No sig. difference between control and experimental sites with regards to stream water quality, periphyton, and macroinvertebrate metrics +ve: Small sig. decrease in runoff volume in treatment subcatchments Kondo et  al. (2015) Philadelphia, PA, USA Quasi- experiment: difference-in- difference design Installation of green storm water infrastructure at 52 sites: 152 tree trenches, 46 infiltration or storage trenches, 43 rain gardens, 29 pervious pavement installments, 20 bumpouts, 14 bio-swales, 5 storm water basins, 1 wetland, and 12 other +ve: Sig. reductions in narcotics possession (18–27% less) (p  <  .01), (p  <  .01) at varying distances from treatment sites; sig. reductions in narcotics manufacture and burglaries; non-sig. reductions in homicides, assaults, thefts, public drunkenness, stress levels, blood pressure and cholesterol (continued) R. F. Hunter et al.