Page - 420 - in Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

420 18.4 Organizing Resilience Management for  Urban Health Lessons from the knowledge of complexity science for urban health and well-being (Gatzweiler et  al. 2018) have taught us that “a system for governing knowledge and action would need to have as much variety in the actions it can take as exists in the system it is regulating”. That means organizing resilience management for urban health needs to respond to some inherent features of complex urban systems. Complex urban systems are not only multi-dimensional, they are multi-sectoral, and the functions they provide (Table  18.1) provide goods and services that have private, public and common pool features. Nature-based solutions to urban health under climate change are capable of addressing the required variety of such complex urban systems. Resilience manage- ment for urban health must combine and link the components addressed above: 1. Knowledge of urban system functions, climate change and health 2. Nature-based solutions (action) 3. Monitoring and impact evaluation 4. Learning and adaptation. Setting up and governing knowledge-action systems (Fig.  18.2) is a response to the need for solving urban health risks by resilience management. This can be and is being done by scientific analysis of complex urban systems, involving stakehold- ers in the co-production of knowledge, and implementing that knowledge in decision- making processes. Setting up and governing knowledge-action systems requires: (1) recognition of all urban inhabitants as the stakeholders of urban health, and (2) collective learning. For all urban inhabitants  – policymakers, business managers, scientists, citizens and communities  – not only are their health and well- Fig. 18.2 Managing resilience for urban health by implementing and governing of knowledge- action systems T. Elmqvist et al.