Page - (000150) - in Biomedical Chemistry: Current Trends and Developments

and bicarbonate (Heaney, 1989; Bohmer, 2000; Kessler, 2000; Sabatier, 2002; Bacciottini, 2004; Kiss, 2004; Heaney, 2006; Karagulle, 2006; Petraccia, 2006; Karagulle, 2007; Sabatier, 2011). So, the particular composition of natural mineral-rich waters would be responsible for their favorable effects. In fact, the World Health Organization has recognized that mineral-rich drinking-waters may provide substantial contributions to total intakes of calcium and magnesium in some populations or population subgroups (Cotruvo, 2009). In line, two recent and exhaustive studies revealed that consumption of public drinking waters and bottled natural mineral waters is a relevant complementary source of calcium and magnesium in Spain (Vitoria, 2014; Maraver, 2015). Beneficial effects of natural mineral-rich waters ingestion on MetSyn features, included or not in its definition, and MetSyn complications (Luft, 1990; Simunic, 1990; Schorr, 1996; Polushina, 1998; Polushina, 2002; Rylander, 2004; Schoppen, 2004; Schoppen, 2005; Schoppen, 2007; Benedetti, 2009; Botvineva, 2010; Perez-Granados, 2010; Santos, 2010; El-Seweidy, 2011) as well as on the MetSyn itself (Pereira, 2012a; Pereira, 2013; Pereira, 2014a; Pereira, 2014b; Pereira, 2014c; Pereira, 2015) have been published. 2.3.2 Natural Mineral-rich Waters and MetSyn The consumption of sodium bicarbonate containing/mineral-rich waters decreased systolic blood pressure in mildly hypertensive men (3 L day-1, 7 days) (Luft, 1990) and mean arterial blood pressure in elderly normotensive individuals (1.5 L day-1, 4 weeks) (Schorr, 1996). The ingestion of sulfate, calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate-rich natural mineral water (at least 1 L day-1, 4 weeks) reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults with borderline hypertension and low urinary magnesium and calcium excretion levels (effect perceived after 2 weeks of consumption and sustained until the end of the dietary protocol) (Rylander, 2004). Vaquero et al. showed that, in moderately hypercholesterolemic young adults, the ingestion of bicarbonated natural mineral water, rich in sodium, chloride and potassium, and with