Page - 7 - in Cancer Nanotheranostics - What Have We Learnd So Far?

Condeetal. RecentAdvancesonCancerNanotheranostics Gene expression has been targeted for silencing to avoid mutatedprotein function to exert its role in tumorprogression. Nanotechnology based systems shows great promise in addressing novel genomic biomarkers that signal cancer cells, and do it with increased sensitivity that allow early detection of genome/genetic modifications that at the origin of cancer. Emergent technologies have been combined with nanoscale structures fordirecting to the siteof interestwithdecreased side effects. The experience gathered thus far has shown that the next step in the effective translation of nanotheranostics into the clinics relates to the body’s response to the nanoconjugates. What are the toxicity impacts of these devices and platforms? Are there enoughdata for the full chronic toxicity evaluationof the applicationof these systems? Is the immune systema friend or foe fornanotheranostics? AUTHORCONTRIBUTIONS All theauthorscontributedtothisEditorialpiece.All theauthors readandrevisedthemanuscript. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS JCacknowledgesMarieCurieInternationalOutgoingFellowship andFunding(FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IOF,Project626386). REFERENCES Bhaskar, S., Tian, F., Stoeger, T., Kreyling, W., de la Fuente, J. M., Grazú, V., et al. (2010).MultifunctionalNanocarriers for diagnostics, drug delivery and targeted treatment across blood-brain barrier: perspectives on tracking and neuroimaging.Part.FibreToxicol.7:3.doi:10.1186/1743-8977-7-3 Conde, J., Arnold, C. E., Tian, F., and Artzi, N. (2015). RNAi nanomaterials targeting immune cells as an anti-tumor therapy: themissing link in cancer treatment?Mater. Today. doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2015.07.005. [Epub ahead of print]. Available online at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1369702115002229 Conde, J., Doria, G., and Baptista, P. (2012). Noble metal nanoparticles applications incancer. J.DrugDeliv. 2012:751075.doi:10.1155/2012/751075 Conde, J., Tian, F., Baptista, P. V., and de la Fuente, J. M. (2014). “Multifunctional gold nanocarriers for cancer theranostics - from bench to bedside and back again?” inNano-Oncologicals: New Targeting AndDelivery Approaches, ed F. Marcos Garcia (Springer International Publishing AG), 295–328. Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absenceof any commercial or financial relationships that could beconstruedasapotential conflictof interest. Copyright © 2016Conde, Tian, de la Fuente and Baptista. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordancewith accepted academic practice. Nouse, distributionor reproduction is permittedwhichdoes not complywith these terms. Frontiers inChemistry |www.frontiersin.org January2016 |Volume3 |Article71 7|