Page - 104 - in Cancer Nanotheranostics - What Have We Learnd So Far?

Mahmoudi andHadjipanayis Applicationofmagneticnanoparticles forbrain tumors FIGURE1 |Localhyperthermia treatmentofapatientwithamalignant brain tumorafter implantationofMNPs. (A)Thepatientundergoesan alternatingmagneticfield (AMF)session (shown inyellow) forgenerationof local hyperthermia in the regionof the tumor. (B)Oscillationof theMNPs (shown inyellow)withinandadjacent to the tumorcellsprovides the therapeutichyperthermia (thermotherapy)effect. (C)Local implantationof theMNPswithinandadjacent to thebrain tumorprovidesa targeted therapeuticeffect. (D)Brain tumorcells shown infiltratingnormalbrainmay bemoresusceptible to theeffectsof local hyperthermiabygreaterMNP intracellularuptakeandsensitivity to temperaturechanges. (Mahmoudi et al., 2012).Much like other methods that are used to combat GBM, MNPsdonotserveasacureontheirown; theyhaveshowntobemosteffectivewhen used as an adjuvant therapy with other treatment modalities. Combining frac- tionatedradiotherapywiththermotherapy hasshownasurvivaladvantage inpatients with relapsed GBM (Maier-Hauff et al., 2011). With further research, scientists can bioengineer multitaskingMNPs that can be used for imaging, drug delivery, and localized thermotherapy (Hadjipanayis etal.,2013).Better targetingofMNPsmay providemoreeffective treatmentofGBM. Thebioconjugationof drugs,monoclonal antibodies, or peptides specific to cancer cellswill improve targeting.MNPsappear tobewell toleratedwhendelivereddirectly into thehumanbrainwith fewsideeffects associated with them. Further testing of MNPs with standard of care chemother- apy, such as temozolomide, needs to be completed in patients with malignant brain tumors. MNPs will likely assume a larger role in brain cancer treatment, with other adjuvant therapies being used to complement magnetic nanoparticles (Kimetal., 2014). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Wewould like to thank Eric Jablonowski for his assistance with producing the figures. We would like to thank Drs. Alexandros Bouras and Milota Kaluzova for their assistance with reviewingthemanuscript. REFERENCES Adamson, C., Kanu, O. O., Mehta, A. I., Di, C., Lin,N.,Mattox,A.K., et al. (2009).Glioblastoma multiforme: a review of where we have been and where we are going. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 18, 1061–1083. doi: 10.1517/135437809030 52764 Batchelor, T. T., Sorensen, A. G., Di Tomaso, E., Zhang, W. T., Duda, D. G., Cohen, K. S., et al. (2007). AZD2171, a pan-VEGF recep- tor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, normalizes tumor vasculature and alleviates edema in glioblas- toma patients. Cancer Cell 11, 83–95. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.11.021 Bidros, D. S., and Vogelbaum, M. A. (2009). Novel drug delivery strategies in neuro- oncology. Neurotherapeutics 6, 539–546. doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.04.004 Braun, S., Oppermann, H., Mueller, A., Renner, C., Hovhannisyan, A., Baran-Schmidt, R., et al. (2012).Hedgehog signaling in glioblastomamul- tiforme. Cancer Biol. Ther. 13, 487–495. doi: 10.4161/cbt.19591 www.frontiersin.org December2014 |Volume2 |Article109 |104