Page - (000030) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

China, India,MexicoandRussia.Theauthorsdemonstrate theuseof theTheoryof Change approach to carry out a comparative analysis across projects seeking to bring about changes across diversemarkets ormarket segments in different coun- tries.Zazueta andNegihighlight howtheevaluation focusedonunderstanding the extent and forms by which GEF projects are contributing to long-term market changes, leading to reduction in GHG emissions, and on assessing the added value ofGEF support in the context ofmultiple factors affectingmarket change. Chapter 10 written by Yann Franc¸ois and Marina Gavald~ao explore how climate changemitigation projects can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, poten- tially have adaptation benefits, and achieve sustainable development objectives. ‘Integrating avoided emissions in climate change evaluation policies for LDCs’ providesanexampleof socio-economicbenefitsgained if accounting for avoided emissions are incorporated in projects, in this case, passive solar housing technology. Chapter 11 by Debora Ley, ‘Sustainable development, climate change, and renewable energy in ruralCentralAmerica’, demonstrates the potential andmulti- ple benefits of decentralized renewable energy.The author also demonstrates how specific drivers can facilitate or hinder projects in achieving multiple objectives usingon the ground, qualitativemethods. Chapter 12by JasmineHyman, ‘Unpacking the blackboxof technologydistri- bution, development potential and carbonmarkets benefits’ exploreswhether and how carbon markets can support a pro-poor development agenda. The author introduces a ‘Livelihood Index’ to understand the employment impact of a carbon intervention.Their studyfinds that variations in the distribution frameworkmeans that development outcomes may compete rather than complement one another. Methodsused includevaluechainanalysis andaqualitativeanalysis tounderstand how carbon finance recipients access the mechanism, perceive the project and conceptualise its benefits. Chapter13byTakaakiMiyaguchiandJuhaUittopresents themethodologyofa meta-analysis of ex-post evaluations of climate change adaptation (CCA) programmes in nine countries using a realist approach. The authors conclude that adoptinga realist approach toevaluatingcomplexdevelopmentprojects is auseful way of providing relevant explanations, instead of judgments, aboutwhat type of interventionmay work for whom, how and under what circumstances for future programming. Chapter 14 written by Jacques Somda, Robert Zougmore´, Tougiani Abasse, BabouAndre´ Bationo, SaakaBuah and Issa Sawadogo, ‘Adaptation processes in agricultureandfoodsecurity: InsightsfromevaluatingbehaviouralchangesinWest Africa’ focuseson theevaluationofadaptivecapacitiesofcommunity-levelhuman systems related to agriculture and food security. The study highlights findings regarding approaches and domains to monitor and evaluate behavioural changes fromCGIAR’s research programonclimate change, agriculture and food security (CCAFS). Results suggest that application of behavioural change theories can facilitate the development of climate change adaptation indicators that are complementary to indicators of development outcomes. The authors conclude 1 EvaluatingClimateChangeAction forSustainableDevelopment: Introduction 9