Page - (000047) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

Uganda to initiate behaviour change in local communities on the waste they produced and to take responsibility for this waste, rather than to expect the government to remove it. This behaviour change was then promoted throughout Uganda, supported amongst others by theWorldBank (Examples fromGEF/IEO 2015,p.18).However,broaderadoptionat thenationalandregional levels tends to runintoobstacles–success ismostprevalentat local levels (GEF/IEO2015,p.19). Themicro-macroparadox is thereforealsovisible incivil society involvement and action. Successes at the local level do not necessarily translate to national and regional levels, even though these successes evidently “extend beyond the project level” (GEF/IEO2015, p. 19). Onecanalsosee theSGPsuccesswithabottomupapproachas it contributes to numerous institutional and policy changes at the local, provincial, and national levels,and tobuildingcapacitieswithincivil societyandacademicorganizations to address global environmental concerns. Its success has resulted in a high demand for support (GEF/EO2010, p. 18). This is further demonstrated in a regionalGEFproject in the Pacific onBiodi- versity Conservation7 which aimed to introduce community based conservation approaches throughout thePacificIslands.Thisapproach, focusingonsolvingland- useproblemsbetweenvillages,while integrating livelihood issues in local conser- vation planning, is now in use throughout the Pacific and has been successfully adapted to local circumstances. However, evaluative evidence in Vanuatu shows that success incommunitiesdoesnot (yet)equalsuccessat thenational level,as the government has not been able to dedicate resources to institutionalize the new approach (andwith the devastation caused byCyclone Pam in 2015, it may take extra timebefore the approach canbe integrated in its national policies). Evaluative evidence thus shows that the bottom-up activism of civil society organisations and local communities, when supported with focused funding as provided by the Small Grants Programme of the GEF, can be successful and provide solutions that can be incorporated at national and even regional scale. However, the micro-macro paradox is also evident at this level and additional action is required to achievebroader adoption and systems change. 2.7 IntroducingNewTechnologiesThrough thePrivate Sector There is wide-spread agreement that climate action involves a substantial and transformative technologicaloverhaulofproductionprocesses in theprivatesector. Innovation, togetherwith thepromotion,developmentand transferof environmen- tally sound technologies, and uptake of these in the private sector is critical in enabling countries to combat climate change and to pursue their sustainable 7GEF ID403. 26 R.D. vandenBerg andL.Cando-Noordhuizen