Page - (000053) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

change.The technologies todo this exist andneed tobe fosteredandpromoted: evaluativeevidenceshowsthatwhentheyare introducedproperlyandsupported by all actors, they canbe effective fertilizers of change. 7. Onadaptation toclimatechangemanypromisingevaluativefindingsareemerg- ing;what is lackingisaconcentratedeffort togather theevaluativeevidenceand interpret it, learn at higher levels of aggregation and integrate adaptation into social,economicandenvironmentaldevelopmentas theessential ingredient that will ensure sustainability. 2.10 Recommendations forFutureEvaluations As argued in van denBerg (2013, p. 47), evaluations of climate change interven- tions, especially if they aim for a highermore comprehensive level of understand- ing what the interventions mean and what they achieve in the longer run, need to evaluate in the context of the continuing societal and economicwinds that are causingclimatechange.Evaluatorsneed topointout topolicymakersanddecision makers thatwhat theypromotewithonehand, ismorethansufficientlyundonewith avery active andmuchbigger other hand. If the forcesofdestructioncanbe reducedorevenhalted, climatechangeaction will become successful.How successful can currently not be established fully for allactions– there issomeinternationalagreementonmeasurementof reductionsof greenhousegasemissions,but this agreementneeds tobe furtherdeveloped.Many countries,multilateral andbilateral organizations are currently usingvariousmea- surementsystemsat thesametimeindifferentprojects– thisneeds tobe improved. Evaluations,not just thesevencomprehensiveones,but themanyevaluationsat the intervention level aswell (manyofwhicharehighlighted in thisbook),provide an increasing body of knowledge that has been insufficiently explored for policy makers anddecisionmakers onwhatworks,where andwhenand forwhomunder what circumstances.This should focus on: • How systems change can be effected through activities on key issues that will “tip” or “tilt” the system in the right direction; • Identify the top-downactions that can and shouldbe takenas theyhaveproven to be effective; similarly look at bottom-up actions that can and should be supported; • Present evidence on the difference in effectiveness between inclusive, gender sensitive, equity based approaches versus approaches that lack these perspectives; • Contribute to a repository of evidence on which technologies under which circumstances, for whom, have proven to be effective in supporting more sustainable and low-carbongrowth; • Contribute to a repository of evidence onwhatworks forwhom,when,where, andunderwhich circumstances on adaptation to climate change. 32 R.D. vandenBerg andL.Cando-Noordhuizen