Page - (000067) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

of different sources of evidence (including monitoring data on Greenhouse Gas emissions) anduseamixedmethodsapproach (as advocatedbyBamberger2012). 3.7 UsingSpaceandScale to IdentifyApproaches When the two dimensional cut of space and scale are taken out the three dimen- sional time, space and scale matrix, at first sight a less well covered picture emerges, with some clear gaps where currently no favourite tool or method for evaluationseems tobe inuse.Figure3.3presents the rowsused inFig.3.1with the scales used inFig. 3.2. I have focusedmethods and tools onwhat they aremostly used for and where their recognized strength is. Randomized controlled trials dominate in providing impact evidence on local interventions that focus on one causal mechanism. When we are looking at multiple causal mechanisms and interventions moving beyond national boundaries to regional collaborations, quasi-experimental methods and QCA become more or less dominant. Social network analysis is a particularly powerful analytical tool that could help in complex interventions with many partners, including the enabling environment that supports actors in participating in societal or economic action. The Delphi methodology has been used to evaluatemarket change, asmarket expertsmay be able to identifywhychangeshaveoccurredandwhatwouldhavehappenedwithout changes in the enabling environment or if certain technologies would not have becomeavailable.Researchmethods suchasmodelling takeoveron the right side of thematrix.Thegap in the lower left handcorner of thematrix couldpotentially be an expression of costs: it would be prohibitively expensive to do global or ecosystem wide randomized controlled trials, while theory of change oriented Fig. 3.2 The time and scale dimensions of demand for impact evidence (Source:Author) 3 Mainstreaming ImpactEvidence inClimateChange andSustainableDevelopment 47