Page - (000136) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

UNFCCC.Thereare indications that partner countriesplan to report their achieve- ment through their Biennial Update Report (BUR) under nationally appropriate mitigationactions (NAMA)umbrellaornational registrysystem. In this regard, the wayofaccounting theJCMcredits in thesereportswithoutdoublecounting,double issuance, and double claiming, need to be arranged at the domestic and interna- tional level. Countries without an established inventory system may consider reporting outside the inventory for pre-2020 achievements. For post-2020, an international accounting rules and infrastructure for Internationally Transferable MitigationOutcomes (ITMO) shall be in place. 7.4.2 MRVMethodologyandSystem Asof January 2016, 19MRVmethodologies have been approvedunder the JCM, all forcountries inAsiaandPacific region.More than50%(11methodologies)are in the energy efficiency sector, more than 20% (4methodologies) in the energy industry (powergenerationbywasteheat recovery, solarpower), energyefficiency (energy-efficient chillers, refrigerators, LED) and the rest in energy distribution (improvementofelectricity transmissionanddistributiongrid),wastehandlingand disposal (anaerobic digestion of market waste for biogas), and transport (digital tachograph invehicles).Thesemethodologiesare technology-basedandapplicable only in thecountrywhere theyare approved, as shown inmethodology IDnumber (VN_AM001means thefirst approvedmethodology tobeused inVietnam).There are threekeyaspects of a JCMmethodology:ensuringnet emissions reductionsby conservative determination of reference emissions, eligibility criteria, and simple monitoringmethods. Net emissions reductions are ensured by conservativemeasurements of reduc- tions, by assuming the highest amount of emissions possible in the baseline scenario, to ensure the emissions reductions achieved by the projects are not overestimated. Baseline, or called “reference emissions” in the JCM, does not necessarily mean result of ‘before project’ emissions calculation. Instead, the calculation canbedone in twoways. Thefirstway is to adjust “reference emissions” conservatively. They are set as high as possiblewhile staying belowbusiness-as-usual emission,which represent plausible emissions in providing the same outputs or service level of the project. Emissionreductions tobecreditedaredefinedas thedifferencebetween“reference emissions” and “project emissions”. In this case, the reference emissions are assumedtobethehighestplausibleemissions.Mostof theapprovedmethodologies appliedthisapproach.12Secondway is toadjust“projectemissions”conservatively. The methodology uses predefined default values instead of the actual values 12IGES JCM Database, January 2016 http://pub.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/view.php? docid¼6185 118 A.Amellina