Page - (000152) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

Table 8.1 Land titles and landuse rights inThailand (1954–1990) Title type Year introduced Rights Limits (as describedby Feder et al. 1988a, b) NS-4 (Chanod) TitleDeed 1954 Most secure; full unrestricted ownership title Issuedonlyoutside forest reserves Canbeusedascollateral and is fully tradable NS-3 (No-So- Sarm)Certificate ofUse 1954 Very secure.Canbe converted intoNS-4 Issuedonlyoutside forest reserves, any transfermust be advertised for 30daysTradable under certain conditions Canbeused as collateral NS-3K (No-So- Sarm-Kor) Exploitation Testimonial 1972 Very secure.Canbe converted toNS-4 Issuedonlyoutside forest reserves.Ownershipmaybe challenged if land lies fal- low formore than5years Fully tradeable Canbeused as collateral NS-2 (Bai-Chong) pre-emptive certificate 1954 Authorizes temporary occu- pationof land.After a pre- scribedperiodmaybe converted toNS-3orNS-4. Canbeacquiredonly through inheritance.Cannot beused as collateral Issuedonlyoutside forest reserves; validity of rights conditional onusewithin 6months of issuance SK-1 (So-Ko- Neung)Claim Certificate 1954 Particular to theperiodduring whichThailandwas adopting theLandcode.Claim to ownership is basedonpos- sessionbefore the enactment of land code Issuedonlyoutside forest reserves Certificate tradeable only after transfer is advertised. Cannot beused as collateral STK(So-Tho-Ko) 1andSTK2Tem- porary cultivation rights 1982 Certificate of use only.Can be acquiredonly through inheritance and cannot be used as collateral.Cannot be converted intoNS-3orNS-4 Issued inside forest reserves; covers plots up to15 rai. State reserves right to revokeusufruct rights if restrictions are violated NK-3 (Nor-Kor- Sarm) These are issued in specific areas under small official programs.They canusually be acquired through inheri- tance andusually cannot be used as collateral. These are usually usufruct rights and cannot be sold until 5 years after issuedate Nk-2 (Nor-Kor- Som) Nk-1 (Nor-Kor- Neung) SPK(Sor-Por- Kor) Source:Adapted fromFeder et al. LandProductivity andFarmProductivity inThailand, 1988a 136 J. Puri