Page - (000177) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

acknowledging that processes affecting climate change take place in various interlinked scales, it is important to identify the relevant systemboundaries perti- nent to the evaluation. For this evaluation the targetedmarket/technologywas the unit of the analysis and the system boundaries were set at the national scale. Attention was given to identifying various components, and to the interactions amongthesecomponentsorsegmentsof themarket targetedbytheproject.Special attentionwasgiven to identifyingmarketbarriers tochangeandhowthesebarriers affect the functioning of the system and the systems likely emergent properties. W€orlen(2014)andW€orlenandConsults (n.d.),haveanalyzedchanges in thestatus ofmarketbarriersaddressedbyclimatechangemitigationprojects, including those supported by the GEF. The evaluation built on their work to assess changes in targetedmarket barriers and factors contributing to change. Subsequent steps focusedonassessing the extent and theway inwhich specific elements of the intervention’s theory of change interacted with elements of the system (Mayne 2008). The focus of enquirywas on how the intervention became part of the system and the changes (intended or unintended) which this brought about (Garcia and Zazueta 2015). This perspective seeks to emphasize the inter- connectedness of the intervention and elements of the systemunlike other contex- tual perspectives that emphasize theeffects of contexton the intervention (Pawson et al. 2004; Blamey and Mackenzie 2007). This approach was woven into the instruments,whichwere designed to gather informationon theGEFactivities and onthelinksof theseactivities tosupportprovidedbyotheractors thatwererelevant to the targeted market. The instruments also took into account the extent the activities undertaken by the other actorswere influenced by theGEF support and vice-versa. The decision to restrict the system boundaries at the national scale was influenced by the fact that flow of information and learning is easier, and policy framework more consistent, within the national boundaries. Similarly, barriers related to suppliers, finance and expertise are more consistent within a country than among countries. GEF projects too are generally geared towards influencing the targetedmarkets at the national scale (Eberhard andTokle 2004). This, how- ever,doesnotmeanthat thesystemsat thenationalscaleare insularandmaynotbe affected by factors that have origins in other countries. The evaluation itself documented three instances– ILUMEX(GEF575),BRT(GEF1155) andLandfill (GEF784) inMexicowhichhadbeenreplicated/scaledupinotherLatin-American countries. 9.6 Measurement ofEmissionReductionBenefits The direct and indirect tons of CO2 emission reductions for each project, were small when compared to global emissions needed to have any effect on climate changemitigation.However, thisanalysis is important toassess theextent towhich GEF supported approacheswork and to determine if there is a potential forwider 9 MethodologicalApproachof theGEF IEO’sClimateChangeMitigation. . . 161