Page - (000190) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

particularly important during thewinterwhen incomesare at the lowest andgoods prices like foodorgas for cookingareat thehighest.According toGERESsurvey, 15%ofhouseholdscontractdebtspartlyor totally topurchase fuel and48%of the household report difficulties tomeet their energy needs. Thermal comfort during wintermonthsremainsveryproblematicas thecurrent levelsof indoor temperature donot reach theWHOrecommended thresholdof 18 Cminimumservice level. Inorder to improve the thermalcomfortduring thewinterswhilecontributing to climate change mitigation, GERES – Group for the Environment, Renewable Energy and Solidarity, French NGO working in Afghanistan since 2002, has developed and transferred to local entrepreneurs the Passive Solar Housing tech- nology. Passive SolarHousing construction design rely on collecting, storing and distributing solar energy during the winter without any mechanical or electrical equipment. The GERES housing innovation is comprised of a veranda with a wooden frame and plastic sheeting added to the south-facing part of the house. The air inside the veranda is heated during the day by the sun’s radiation. By keepinganenlargedwindowopenbetween theverandaandthehouse, thewarmair is transmitted to the room.Atnight, thewindowisclosedandcurtainsaredrawnin order tokeeptheheat insidetheroom.Inaddition, theverandaalsoprovideanextra warm roomduring the day for housework and social events for a very affordable cost (Fig. 10.1). In 2012, GERES started a 3 year project with funding from the Agence Franc¸aise deDe´veloppement (AFD) andFondation Abbe´ Pierre to support local artisans for thewidedisseminationofPSHinKabul.During thewinter2012–2013, a Socio-Economic Assessment of Domestic Energy Practices (SEADEP) survey was conducted to assess the socio-economic and energy consumption profile of households of Kabul. During the following winter, between 2013 and 2014, a monitoring campaignwas conducted inKabul,with the objective of assessing the impacts of PSH technologies on livelihoods andGHGemissions. Two groups of houses each (non-PSH and PSH) were monitored during 8 weeks, indoor and outdoor temperatures were measured using data loggers and fuel consumptions were recordeddaily. Using these data, the impact of thePSH technology in termsof indoor temper- atureandenergyconsumptionhasbeenassessed todetermine theenergyefficiency of thePSHcompare tothenonPSH.Then,usingthesuppresseddemandapproacha regression model has been built to assess the GHG emissions that would have occurred if the same indoor temperature was reached using technologies in non PSH.Thiscasestudyillustrate the importanceaswell as the limitationsofapplying the suppresseddemand in the housing sector inLDC. 10.2.1 SamplingandDataCollection Thehousesselectedfor thestudyare located in threepolicedistricts in thesouthern partofKabulandspreadfromcentralpartof thecitytoitsoutskirts, includingsemi- 174 Y.Franc¸ois andM.Gavald~ao