Page - (000234) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

technology,whetherornot they replace it,whetherornot it is appropriate for their local settings, and how their livelihoods are enhanced in terms of social, environ- mental andeconomicoutcomes.Thisbodyof literature iscrucial for thediscussion of carbon finance evaluation and effectiveness, as it addresses whether and how climate-compatible technologiescanenhance the livesof targetcommunitieswhile supporting the global goal of climate changemitigation and adaptation.However, user-focusedstudiescannotaddressaprimaryassumptionwithintheenvironmental marketspolicynarrative,namely, thatmarket approaches support thedevelopment of local economies and are therefore more empowering than the traditional aid model. The Livelihood Index is derived from the GACC’s conceptual framework on social impacts fromcookstoveprojects,which areoften carbonfinanceprojects as well. It adaptsGACC’sbroadnotionof“involvement in thevaluechain”on the far left of the diagram, and converts the listed categories of project involvement into “actors”whose jobsareassessed forevidenceofanenhanced livelihoodandsocial impact: Investors; SME owners and executives; selection and design of clean cooking technologies; production of clean cooking fuels/stoves; distribution of clean fuels/stoves; after sales service of clean stoves; borrowers (supply-side). These categories are adapted to the broader rangeof project types and the specific range or actorswhen carbon credit creation is involved: (1)Carbon credit buyers/ investors; project developers (i.e. executives) and SMEs (when applicable); clean technology producers; clean technology distributors; after sales service agents; borrowers and users. In addition, we have added the third party validator and verifier to thesupplychain,anactorwhoserole isspecificallycreatedbythecarbon market to validate the quantifications associated with greenhouse gas emissions Fig. 12.1 GACCsocial impact, conceptual framework 218 J.Hyman