Page - (000242) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

An indirect sales channel (aka the retail channel) is somewhat simpler and the modelofchoice forurbanareas–projectmanagers sell thefiltersdirectly tomarket vendors at bulk rates.Given that urban vendors usually lack the capital to buy the filtersupfront, sales supplies thevendorswithfilters andpays themoncommission foreachsale,approximately$1.50per$23unit.Acheaperversionof thesamefilter (housedina lessattractivecasing) isonlyoffered toNGOsat$13perunit.Perverse incentives exist for pharmacists whowere originally targeted for retail given the healthbenefits associatedwith the technology.Thepharmacists earned lessmoney byavoiding cholera and typhoid cases thanby charging the sick for treatment. The principle difference between the NLS and the Hydrologic distribution system is that the NLS builds upon pre-existing local networks, whereas Hydro- logichasbuiltadistributionsystemfromgroundzero.Anabsenceinsocial inroads, i.e. the presence of distributors who can deliver on good faith credit given their longstanding relationship with the stove producers, means that Hydrologic com- panymust incentivize all aspectsof the supplychain. Inanattempt to reducecosts from salariedwork, the project managers rely on commissions for the successful sale and delivery of the filter to deleterious effect for the lowest laborers on the rung: they assume risk for product failure and high turnover rates undermine the longevity of the project. On the other hand, the project managers are Khmer nationals and receive an extraordinary amount of networking opportunities and skill enhancement by par- ticipating in the project, including international travel, exposure to the highly- specialized carbon finance project cycle, and entre´e to international conferences onenvironment-development project design.Thewaterfilter projectmanager said that he isnot fully satisfiedwithhis jobatHydrologic, but that hehadbeenable to amass adequate savings to launchhisowncompany in thenear future.Thus,while gainswere less distributed in theHydrologicmodel,managerial jobs offered high reward. 12.4.3 BiodigesterCase TheNationalBiodigesterProgramme inCambodiawas initiated in2002byDutch development agency SNV, and is now a joint collaboration with the Cambodian Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The programhas installed nearly 18,000 plants to households throughout the country, 95% of them are still in operation. Biogas plants are locally made byKhmer-run Biogas Companies; the project was certified to the Gold Standard voluntary stream in 2011. Dutch aid agencyHivoswill buy all the credits (NBP2012). Of all the technologies, these are themost aspirational – graduating their users frombiomassburning stoves topiped indoorgasburnerswith accompanying light fixtures formethane-fueledindoor lighting.Theprojectmanagerhasapolicy that it will always partner with the local government, enabling it to utilize a similar technology dissemination structure as the NLSwhereby inroads into the product 226 J.Hyman