Page - (000255) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

evaluation criteria (i.e. outcomes5); intermediate outcomes (IOs) that lead to each evaluationcriterion;and typesofprogrammeinterventions implemented inachiev- ing each IO. What this step enabled was a comparative analysis of the CCA programmes where similar interventions or activities across different CCA programmeswere implemented. In other words, themeta-analysis conducted the following steps: identification and extraction of key IOs toward an outcome (each evaluationcriterion); categorizationof interventions togenerate thecorresponding IOs; development of hypothesis of programme theories that necessarily lead to an IO. And since this meta-analysis is based on the realist approach, it then sought contextual conditions that may or may not activate an underlyingmechanism in generating IOs,and thusoutcomes. It sought to identify theoriesofchange foreach outcome (evaluation criterion). The following sections present first theM-O (mechanism¼ outcome) combi- nations for each criterion that can be estimated from analysing the CCA evalua- tions;andsecond,C(context)conditionswhichmayormaynotactivate theseM-O combinations, thereby showing a set of hypothesized CMO configurations. Each criterion is presentedfirst onlywithM-Osequences,which represents a determin- isticview.Thelatterhalfof thesectionspresents thecontextualconditions, thereby completing thepresentationof thehypothesizedCMOconfigurations.Tables in the following sections present the summaryofC-M-Oconfigurations. 13.5 Mechanism-OutcomeSequences 13.5.1 RelevanceM-OSequences Overall, ahighdegreeof relevance isseen inall thestudiedCCAprogrammes.The joint programme formanagingclimate change risks inEgypt is found tobehighly relevant in supporting Egypt to develop its climate change adaptation strategies. Theprogramme inMozambique is also found tobehighly relevant to thenational policy context, responding to the necessity to support institutional progress on CCA.Armenia’s programme focusing on itsmountain forest ecosystemwas eval- uated to be well aligned with the national needs and priorities. Nonetheless, the aspect of relevance does not end with alignment at a national level. Tanzania’s programme has addressed problems of fuelwood availability and other means of 5Note that these four evaluation criteria are used as “outcomes (O)”within theCMOconfigura- tions. In each of the four criteria, the authors have hypothesised certain sets ofCMOconfigura- tions. For example, efficiency criterion – which itself is the relationship between inputs and outputs – a CMO configuration will treat efficiency itself as “O” (outcome) that is achieved throughseveralkeyIOs, throughgenerativemechanism(“M”),undercertaincontext, (“C”).Thus withineachevaluationcriterion,CMOconfigurationswereconstructed,evenwhenonecriterionis not related to (project’s overall) outcome. 13 WhatDoEvaluationsTellUsAboutClimateChangeAdaptation?Meta-analysis. . . 241