Page - (000257) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

isachieved,amongstothers, throughanIOofdevelopmentofadaptivecapacityand utilizationof adaptivemeasures introducedby the programmes. Asameans toachieve such IO, trainingand transferof techniquesandpractices for reducing the stakeholders’vulnerability seemed tohaveensuredahigh levelof effectivenessofCCAprogrammes.Eightoutof thenineprogrammesreportedsuch activitiesandthuswereevaluatedpositivelyfor theireffectiveness.Forexample, in Egypt, adaptive capacitywas further enhancedwithin theMinistry ofAgriculture andLandReclamation in order for government staff to be able to forecast future scenarios inwaterandagriculture sectors. InZimbabwe,amoreaccurate systemof weather forecasts was introduced and capacity tomanage the systemwas devel- oped, thereby enabling high quality crop planting advice given to farmers. In Tanzania, theestablishmentofanenvironmental informationsystemandanational environmentalwebportalwereconsidered tobehighly relevantadaptivemeasures thatwere introducedby theprogramme.TheNamibiaprogramme introduced such adaptivemeasuresasdrylandcrop farming, conservationagricultureand improved seeds, and a drip irrigation system, all of which are reported to have played an important role inachievingahigh levelofeffectiveness.Acorresponding theoryof change can thus be hypothesized as follows: “introduced adaptive measures and developedadaptivecapacity facilitate these skills, techniquesandknowledge tobe kept applied andused.” Realizing awide range and level ofmainstreaming is considered to be another IO in making a programme more effective. For example, in Turkey, a national climate change adaptation strategy and action plan was drafted and henceforth expected to be approved by a high level climate change coordination board. In Armenia, the introduced adaptivemeasures by the programmewere successfully incorporated into an existing infrastructure thatmanagesmountain forest ecosys- tems, including policy, legislation, institutions, procedures and mechanisms. In order to achieve such IO, provision of relevant technical, policy and advisory support to relevant stakeholders, from government staff to rural farmers have been reported to be effective. The corresponding programme theory here can be that provisionof technical, policy and advisory support facilitates integrationwith “business-as-usual” infrastructures. Another important IO that can lead to high effectiveness is a high level of awareness amongst the general public. Development and dissemination through documentary films, social network groups, large scale public events, TV and newspaperswere seen in Egypt, Zimbabwe, the Philippines, Tanzania andArme- nia.All theseactivitieswerereportedtohavecontributedtorealizingahighlevelof effectiveness by increasing awareness amongst the general public. One can thus infer that, inorder toensureahigh levelofeffectivenessofaCCAprogramme, it is important toutilize variousmedia, including face-to-face events, forwider public- ity.Ahypothesizedprogrammetheoryhere is that theseeventscanattractattention andboost interest towardCCAamongst citizens. 13 WhatDoEvaluationsTellUsAboutClimateChangeAdaptation?Meta-analysis. . . 243