Page - (000258) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

13.5.4 SustainabilityM-OSequences Since the studied evaluation reports were prepared right after the completion of programme activities, which corresponds to the second challenge discussed by Valencia (2009), it poses a significant challenge to evaluating the programme’s long-termsustainability.Themeta-analysis nonetheless could identify someof the pertinent IOs and interventions, even if thesewere not explicitly identified in the evaluation reports. The first IO for sustainability is “sustained built adaptive capacity, and a high utilization level of introduced adaptive measures.” Here an emphasis should be placed for sustaining (andnot just one-off trainingof) theadaptive capacity that is built throughprogrammeactivities,andahighlevelofutilization (andnot justmere introduction) of adaptivemeasures. Hypothesized programme theory to ensuring them seems that such interventions foster a sense of ownership towards built capacities and introduced adaptivemeasures. Sustainedandhigh levelofstakeholderengagementwas identifiedas thesecond IO toward sustainability. The CCA programme in the Philippines hasmade sure that national and local partners continue similar activities and outputs that have been introduced by the programme. A hitherto non-existent network of environ- mental specialists was formed under the programme in Tanzania which since enabled all partners towork collaboratively. The third IO identifiedwas that mainstreaming at central policy and planning level is successful and sustained. The CCA programme of Tanzania has implemented its activitieswithin thenational institutional framework fully aligned with their national environmental policies. The programme also adopted a cross- cutting framework in order tomainstreamenvironment and climate change issues into plans and policies of multiple sectors in the country. Similarly, inMozam- bique, the programmehas successfully integratedCCAactivities in the country’s district-level strategic development and socioeconomic plan, the land use plan as well as integrated waste management plan. A theory of change, which is the combinationof implementation theoryandprogrammetheory, can thusbehypoth- esized that CCA programme activities that are implemented within the local/ national and existing institutional frameworks can foster a sense of ownership and trigger smooth integration in the target country’s planning andpolicies. Fourth, high likelihood of generating broader adoption and replication is con- sidered tobeanother IO that leads to ahigh level of sustainability. Introductionof adaptive measures to the stakeholders and institutions with relevant mandates seems to have yielded favourable results in achieving this positive IO. The programme activities inEgyptwerewell embedded into thework of theAgricul- tural ResearchCentre,whose relevantmandate successfully incorporated the new climate change risk research. A partnering technical university in Turkey is reported to be continuing to conduct a CCA related certification course which had been developed as part of the programme.A theory of change corresponding to this IO generation can be that the introduction of adaptive measures to the 244 T.Miyaguchi and J.I.Uitto