Page - (000270) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

behavior changegrouped intofivedomains:knowledge,practices, access toassets, partnership and organization. These characteristics can help efforts to construct quantitative indicators of climate change adaptation at local level. Further, the results suggest that application of behavioral change theories can facilitate the development of climate change adaptation indicators that are complementary to indicatorsofdevelopmentoutcomes.Weconclude thatcollectingstoriesonbehav- ioral changes can contribute to biophysical adaptationmonitoring and evaluation. Keywords Behavioral changes •Climate change •Monitoring •Evaluation 14.1 Introduction Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustments of physical, ecological and human systems that increase societies’ abilities to cope with the change (see Box 14.1). This may involve any adjustment to the physical systems, social or environmentalprocesses,orperceptionsofclimaterisk,practicesandfunctionsthat reduce risks and increase exploitation of new (or previously overlooked) opportu- nities.Agriculture is particularly sensitive, because itwill be significantly affected by climate change through effects on water availability, temperatures, soil pro- cesses, pests, pathogensandcompetitors,which in turnwill influencecropproduc- tivity at farm level (Turral et al. 2011). Box14.1:Adaptation,AdaptiveCapacity andFoodSecurity Adaptation is an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expectedclimatic stimuli or their effects,whichmoderatesharm or exploits beneficial opportunities (IPCC2014b). Adaptive capacity is the ability of systems, institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportuni- ties, or to respond to consequences of climate change (IPCC2014b). Foodsecurity existswhenall people at all timeshavephysical or economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food tomeet their dietary needs and foodpreferences for an active andhealthy life (FAO2008). At the center of climate change adaptation efforts are interventions intended to boost adaptive capacity and/or stimulate adaptive action (Pringle 2011). Fortu- nately, there are several categories of adaptive options in agriculture, including: technological developments, government programs, insurance, andmodifications offarmproductionand/orfinancialmanagementpractices(SmitandSkinner2002). Nevertheless, to date agricultural adaptation initiatives have mainly focused on mitigating risks to cropproductivity associatedwith changing climatic conditions. Furthermore, linksbetweenclimatechangeandfoodproductivityhavebeenlargely 256 J. Somdaet al.