Page - (000271) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

exploredbyanalyzing the relationshipsbetweenclimaticandagriculturalvariables (DiFalco et al. 2011). In practice, continued refinement of soil, water, tree and crop management practices will contributemuch of the required adaptation, except in systems that are already water stressed (Turral et al. 2011). However, while it is globally acknowledged that food productivity contributes to food security, post-harvest processes are also important. Furthermore, since their own agricultural activities are theprimarysourcesof food formanypeople indevelopingcountries, effectsof climatic changes on crop productivity (and the people’s responses to them) will strongly influence theiroverall foodsecurity (Ingrametal. 2008).Hence, efforts to ensure foodsecuritymust includestrengtheningof theadaptivecapacity (Plummer and Armitage 2010) of individuals, households and communities by improving their access to,knowledgeof, andcontrolovernatural, human, social, physical and financial resources (Pramova and Locatelli 2013). For these reasons, several authors (Pittock and Jones 2000; Stafford Smith et al. 2011) have argued that adaptation to climate change needs to be seen as an iterative process. If so, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of adaptation and/or progress towards it are clearly important to assess the effectiveness of adaptation interventions, options and technologies (UNFCCC2010). However, there are uncertainties regarding appropriate adaptation indicators. Ideally, they shouldbedifferent but complementary todevelopment variables, but current approaches to adaptationM&E do not take this distinction into account. This chapter describes efforts to improve the design and implementation of adap- tation M&E, at program and project levels, undertaken in a CGIAR Research Program (CRP7). Specific objectives were: (i) to demonstrate the applicability and utility of the theory of planned behavioral changes for adaptation M&E, focusing on adaptive capacity, and (ii) contribute to the development of an inte- grated biophysical-behavioral changes approach to adaptationM&E. 14.2 Approach 14.2.1 The Intervention Theefforts to improveadaptationM&Ereportedherewerepartof theConsultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research (CGIAR)Research ProgramCRP7, onclimatechange,agricultureandfoodsecurity (CCAFS),astrategiccollaboration between CGIAR and the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP). The over‐ arching objectives of CRP7 are: (1) to identify and test pro-poor adaptation and mitigation practices, technologies and policies for enhancing food systems, adap- tive capacity and rural livelihoods; and (2) to provide diagnosis and analysis that will ensure cost-effective investments, the inclusion of agriculture in climate change policies, and the inclusion of climate issues in agricultural policies, from 14 AdaptationProcesses inAgriculture andFoodSecurity: Insights from. . . 257