Page - (000272) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

the sub-national to the global level in ways that benefit the rural poor (CGIAR 2011). Theprogramencompasses four research themes, being addressed from2011 to 2015, designed to enhance adaptive capacity in agricultural, natural resources management and foodsystems, thereby leading to improvements inenvironmental health, rural livelihoodsandfoodsecurity throughdiverse trade-offsandsynergies. The four themes are: (i) adaptation to progressive climate change, (ii) adaptation through managing climate risk, (iii) pro-poor climate change mitigation, and (iv) integrationof decision-makingprocesses. Research and development activities under this CCAFS programwere place- based and undertaken at several spatial levels within so‐called “target regions”. West Africa region was one of the places where the research and development activitieswereundertaken infivecountries:BurkinaFaso,Ghana,Mali,Niger and Senegal.Aparticipatory action research (PAR) approach (led by the International Center for Research inAgroforestry, ICRAF, in collaborationwith the five coun- tries’ national agricultural research systems) was used to promote agricultural technologies (assisted natural regeneration, composting, tree planting, etc.), prac- tices, policies and capacity enhancement (on-farmapplication trainings) for adap- tation to progressive climate change. The participatory action research has contributed to the CCAFS’s planned 5-year output, as stated in the Research Proposal (CGIAR Research Program 7 2011; output 1.1.1): “Development of farmingsystemsandproduction technologiesadapted toclimatechangeconditions in time and space through design of tools for improving crops, livestock, and agronomicandnatural resourcemanagement practices.” Parallel to this participatory action research on adaptation, a capacity enhance- ment action on planning,monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation (led by the InternationalUnion for theConservation ofNature, IUCN, in collabo- ration with the five national agricultural research systems) was conducted. Thus, prior to the development of the M&E plan, vulnerability assessments were conductedandadaptationactionsplanned inaparticipatoryaction research frame- work (Somda et al. 2014). Four of the fiveWestAfrican countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana,NigerandSenegal)were involved in theparticipatoryactionresearchof the CGIAR’sCCAFSprogram. 14.2.2 TheMonitoringandEvaluationApproach andTechnique The framework for monitoring and evaluating adaptive capacity was developed basedon the theoryofplannedbehavior (TPB)byAjzen (1991),whichproposes a model thatcanhelpefforts tomeasuretheeffectivenessof interventionsdesignedto guide human actions. It has been applied to adaptationM&Ebecause adaptation requires technological and/or behavioral changes that are consistent with the 258 J. Somdaet al.