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need to consider behavioral changes when planning adaptation activities, which implies a participatory approach involving appropriate stakeholders, particularly the localcommunities. Italsorequiresanalysisof thecurrentcontextofcommunity members’ behavior, for which knowledge of behavior theory and models is essential. 14.5.3 StrengtheningHumanBehaviorElements ofParticipatoryActionResearch Participatoryaction research (PAR) is anapproach to research incommunities that strongly recognizes the importance of participation and action. It seeks to under- standtheworldbytryingtochangeit,collaborativelyandfollowingreflection.This approach appears consistentwith research focusingonadaptationof agriculture to meet challenges posed by climate change and enhance food security.However, to increasetherelevanceofthisapproachspecificallyinthecontextofclimatechange, adjustment of action research aspects is required, including research designs, implementation of actions, data collection and analysis methods, reporting and learning. In the research designs it is essential to include both biophysical and behavioral components, and equal attention should be paid to activities that will influence biophysical and behavior components during implementation of the actions. The data used to evaluate success of adaptation research actions should also include biophysical and behavioral indicators, or parameters. Thus, robust conceptualization of the data collection and analysis procedures is required at the start of the participatory action research to ensure that the collected data are properly analyzed and reported, and that lessons are drawn for learning by the PARstakeholders andother scientific communities. References Ajzen, I. (1991).The theoryof plannedbehavior.OrganizationalBehavior andHumanDecision Processes, 50, 179–211. Bours, D., McGinn, C., & Pringle, P. (2013).Monitoring & evaluation for climate change adaptation: A synthesis of tools, frameworks and approaches. Oxford: SEA Change CoP, PhnomPenhandUKCIP. CGIAR. (2011). CRP7 Proposal: Climate change, agriculture and food security. http://www. cgiar.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/CRP7-Proposal-Final.pdf Davies,R.,&Dart, J. (2005).The ‘MostSignificantChange’ (MSC) technique:Aguide to itsuse. http://www.mande.co.uk/docs/MSCGuide.pdf 14 AdaptationProcesses inAgriculture andFoodSecurity: Insights from. . . 267