Page - (000290) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

among stakeholders, an approach also supported byPreskill (2009)11 and Preskill and Boyle (2008).12 This was done by simplifying various climate change and M&Edefinitions and processeswith the county officials andWAPCs e.g. climate variability, maladaptation, outputs, outcomes, impacts, indicators, evaluation and assumptions, before ToCs andM&Eplanswere developedwith facilitation from the researchers. 15.2.4 BaselineData Two types of baseline data were collected from Isiolo. Track 1 (top-down) and Track2 (bottom-up). The sources included: • Key informant interviewsusing semi-structured questionnaires • Semi-structuredgroup interviews • Secondary data sources fromcounty development planswere used for triangu- latingprimarydatacollectedfromcommunitiese.g. livestocknumbersperward, number of households accessing potablewater. 15.2.4.1 Track1 (Top-Down) For theCRMprocessesunderTrack1, thescores thatwereagreeduponthroughthe use of the score card were the baseline values. The outputs of this exercise are shown in the results section.This exercisealsohighlighted theweakareas inCRM in theCounty, and as such, interventions that could address theweaknesseswere prioritized.Thesewerestrengtheningearlywarningsystems,countybudgetingand planning, and county coordination andplanning. 15.2.4.2 Track2 (Bottom-Up) After thedevelopmentof thewardToCs,communitiesweregivenbasic training in collectingbaseline data against the indicators theyhaddeveloped tomeasure their perceptions of resilience/adaptive capacity, for their respective ToCs, with a data collectiontool thathadbeendesignedbytheresearchteam.Thisdatawascollected over a periodof 3months by the sixwards. 11Preskill, H., & Boyle, S. (2008). A conceptual model of evaluation capacity building: A multidisciplinary perspective.American Journal ofEvaluation, 29 (4), pp. 443–459. 12Preskill,H. (2009).Reflectionson thedilemmasof conductingevaluations. InBirnbaum,N.,& Mickwitz, P. (Eds),Environmental program and policy evaluation:Addressing methodological challenges.NewDirections forEvaluation, 122, 97–103. 15 UsingParticipatoryApproaches inMeasuringResilience andDevelopment in. . . 277