Page - (000292) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

• Counterfactuals: According to the TAMDoperational framework, researchers are expected to collect data on attribution and this requires counterfactual data. This became a challenge in Isiolo because the research team had to find a community in Isiolo where climate change adaptation (CCA) interventions were not being undertaken. This proved to be difficult as there aremany civil society actors undertakingCCA activities similar to the CAF in other parts of Isiolo. InadditiontheCAFinterventionswerepublic investmentgoodsthatwere tobenefit over 70%of Isiolo’s population: the remainingpopulation comprises theurbanpopulationwhose livelihoods are different from the targeted commu- nities. They therefore, did not qualify as good counterfactuals. As such the research teammade a decision to develop the before and after approach using the theoryof change tomeasure contribution/attribution to resilience. Table 15.2 Indicators and assumptions for theOldonyirowardToC Indicators Assumptions Output Waterusermanagementcommitteemembersare able to enforcewater resourcemanagement Number of trainings held forwaterman- agement committees There are suitable areas to construct sanddams that reducedistancebetweenwater points Number of constructedwater storage tanks Number of sanddamsconstructed Thesanddamcontractorhaspreviousexperience constructing sanddamsandunderstands the intricacies of building sanddams Number of sanddams rehabilitated Outcome Sanddamsconstructed have the ability to hold adequatewater Number of livestockwith access towater duringdry season Sanddamsbeing rehabilitated can actually be structurally rehabilitated Number of householdswith access towater duringdry season Thewatermanagement committee is able to developproperwater distributionmechanisms Number ofmonths of 2012 thatwater is available in the 10 sanddams Watermanagement committee is recognizedby communitymembers.Communitymembers have aproper understandingofwater and sanitation Number of hours spentwalking towater point Number of hours spent fetchingwater at water point for domestic and livestockuse Impacts Number of conflict incidences Number of familiesmigrating Number of households not dependent on relief Access to social services schools Number of newpermanent settlements 15 UsingParticipatoryApproaches inMeasuringResilience andDevelopment in. . . 279