Page - (000296) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

Progress towards achieving outputs around the improved financing and budgeting is making slow progress however it should be noted that the county waterdepartmenthasprovidedfinancingforwardleveladaptationactivitiessuchas rehabilitationandconstructionof sanddams.This indicates that implementationof climate change adaptation activities at local level have been able to influence targeted county adaptationfinancing. 15.6 Track2Outputs andOutcomes TheTrack2adaptation interventions implementedatward levelby(WAPCs)were similar to development actions with the only difference being that they were formulated through resilience assessments conducted before the TAMD initiative begun.Theward level interventionswere categorised as follows: • Natural resourcemanagement • Construction/rehabilitation ofwater structures andwatermanagement • Strengtheningof traditional resource governance structures • Constructionof other infrastructure (veterinary lab, animal holdingyards). Over90%of theactivitieswerecompletedby theendof thestudyperiod.Early outcomes from the interventions was achieved around reduction of distances to water points, increased access to good quality water for the resident and neighbouring communities, increased capacity of traditional natural resource gov- ernance committees (dedhas), proper diagnosis of livestock diseases and strength- ened local capacity for natural resourcemanagement. With respect to measuring resilience literature has shown that there are no universal or generally applicable indicators of resilience (or of vulnerability or adaptive capacity), as these phenomena are highly context-specific. However, a number of studies have sought to define dimensions of resilience, with each dimension gathering together a suite of related factors that might be represented by context-specific indicators (Alexander 201316; Nguyen and James 201317). However for the purposes of this study, social or livelihood resilience as defined by Eakin (2012)18 and Tanner et al. (2015)19 was used as it was fit for purpose. 16Alexander, D. E. (2013) ‘Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey.’ NaturalHazards andEarth SystemScience13(11): 2707–2716. 17Nguyen,K.V.,&James,H.J. (2013) ‘Measuringhouseholdresilience tofloods:Acasestudyin theVietnameseMekong river delta’,EcologyandSociety18(3): 13. 18Eakin,H.,Benessaiah,K.,Barrera, J.F.,Cruz-Bello,G.M.,&Morales,H. (2012) ‘Livelihoods and landscapesat the thresholdof change:disaster and resilience inaChiapascoffee community, RegionalEnvironmentalChange12(3): 475–488. 19Tanner,T.M.et al. (2015) ‘Livelihood resilience in the faceofclimatechange’,NatureClimate Change5: 23–26. 15 UsingParticipatoryApproaches inMeasuringResilience andDevelopment in. . . 283