Page - (000297) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

AdditionallyBrooks andFisher (2014)20 conducted a reviewofmethodologies for measuring resilience and identified the following potential dimensions of resil- ience21 that canbeused tomeasure livelihood resilience: • Assets: physical, financial assets; food and seed reserves, etc. (contingency). • Access to services: water, electricity, early warning systems transport, knowl- edge and information – to plan for, cope with and recover from stresses and shocks. • Adaptive capacity: to anticipate, plan for and respond to longer-termchanges – for example, bymodifying current practice, creating newstrategies. • Income and food access: the extent to which people may be poor or food insecure before the occurrenceof a stress or shock. • Safetynets: includesaccess toformalandinformalsupportnetworks,emergency relief andfinancialmechanisms such as insurance. • Livelihoodviability: theextent towhich livelihoodscanbe sustained in the face of shock/stress, or themagnitudeof shock/stress that canbe accommodated. • Institutional and governance contexts: the extent towhich governance, institu- tions, policy, conflict and insecurity constrain or enable coping and adaptation. • Natural and built infrastructural contexts: the extent to which coping and adaptation are facilitated or constrained by the quality and functioning of built infrastructure, environmental systems, natural resources andgeography. • Personalcircumstances: other factors thatmake individualsmoreor lessable to anticipate, plan for, copewith, recover fromandadapt to changes Fromthedescriptionsof resilienceabove, the research teamusedaparticipatory outcome assessment tool tomeasure the changes anticipated from the adaptation interventions that could contribute to livelihood resilience in a pastoralist context. The results from the assessment indicated that early outcomeswere already being realised and included: reduction in livestock disease cases, availability and access to water in water sources for over longer periods i.e. 3–6months as opposed to 1–2 months, improved household hygiene and reduction in human waterborne disease incidences. Tomeasure outcome/adaptation benefit achievements, thewards used outcome assessment forms to provide scores on the achievement of any initial outcomes against outcome indicators.Although attaining resilience is a long termobjective, wardadaptation interventionshavebeenable toprovidebenefits around increasing accessibility of water, reduction of violent armed conflicts, and reduction of livelihood diseases which all play important roles in improving resilience of communities in the County. See the example of an outcome assessment form in Table 15.4 fromSerichoward. Ascanbeseenfromthedimensionsof resiliencedescribedearlier, communities inIsioloarealreadybeginningtoexperiencesomeaspectsofenhancedresilienceas 20See note 7. 21See note 1. 284 I.Karani andN.Kariuki