Page - (000299) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

• A comprehensive monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system at sub-national level that is designed tocollect adaptationoutcomesandclimate trend informa- tion ex-ante is crucial if enhanced resilience is to beproved throughan adapta- tion evaluative frameworkprocess. • It is possible to find and document adaptation outcomes of a community in 3 years if the interventions are designed from resilience assessments, anM&E system is established at the beginning of the intervention, baseline data is collected and verified,monitoring visits are conducted regularly to ensure that the adaptation interventions are implemented effectively and time is taken to document the changes happening in the communities through narratives. This canbe regarded asM&Ebest practice. 15.8 Implications forPlanningPolicyandPractice Theresultsof thisfeasibilitystudyhaveelicitedafewimplicationsforplanningand investment in the use of participatory resilienceM&Emethodologies as detailed below: • Using M&E to influence planning: TAMD in Isiolo was applied before the adaptation interventionsbegun.This had twoadvantages (a) the county adapta- tioncommitteewereable toprioritise theactivities thatneeded tobedoneunder climate riskmanagement and (b) the county adaptation committeeswas able to collect baseline data against indicators theyhaddesigned forCRM. In thisway information thathadneverbeencollectedbeforewasnowavailable fordecision making and future planning onCRM.This ex anteM&Efitswithin the devel- opmentevaluationapproachdescribedbyPatton(2010)23. It isalsoproposedby theWorldBank24 for newor redesigned poverty and inequality reduction pro- grams.This is becausedespite theupfront investment costs, thismethodcanbe cost effective in the long termas it allows for the adjustment and refinement of programsbefore implementation,andprogramsare likelytobebetter targetedas a result. This method can also provide useful information on the political consequences of new programs and therefore provide for the design of appro- priate riskmitigationmeasures before implementationbydecisionmakers. • Resilience measurement by communities and planning: Project or program M&E is usually undertaken by independent individuals or institutions. During anevaluationexercise, it canbecomefrustrating if the relevantdataor informa- tionwasnotcollectedduringthecourseoftheprojectorpackagedappropriately. 23Patton,M. (2010).Developmental evaluationapplyingcomplexity concepts to enhance innova- tionanduse.NewYork,NY:GuilfordPress. 24Busjeet, G. (undated). Planning,Monitoring, and Evaluation:Methods and Tools for Poverty and InequalityReductionPrograms.PovertyReductionandEconomicManagementUnitPoverty Reduction andEquityUnit. TheWorldBank.Retrieved fromhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/ EXTPOVERTY/Resources/ME_ToolsMethodsNov2.pdf 286 I.Karani andN.Kariuki