Page - (000300) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

The advantage of empowering the county andward committeeswith tools for collectingbaselineandmonitoring information increases thechancesofabetter quality evaluationof community resilience. This is different fromnormal eval- uations in which the target communities are not involved in defining their indicators according to their own perceptions. This acknowledgement of the usefulness of subjectivemeasurements of resilience is relatively recent andhas beenproposedascomplementary to the traditional evaluationmethodsbyJones and Tanner (2015)25 for planning and decision making. Through subjective resilience measurement, there is a greater understanding of household factors that contribute to resilience and policymakers/decisionmakers can design and plan for programs that enhance these factors in the long term and avoid intro- ducing or planning for programs that have the potential to be maladaptive to communities. • Replication and scale-upof subjective resiliencemeasurementmethods: Repli- cation of participatory methodologies of measuring resilience such as TAMD canbebeneficial forclimate riskmanagementplanningbysub-nationalgovern- mentsandadaptationplanning for targetedcommunities.Howeverupscaling to national level may prove challenging (Jones and Tanner 2012) especially because of initial investment. A cost and values study conducted inKenya on TAMDconcluded that the ‘returnsofusingTAMDasa resilienceM&Esystem are likely tobeconsiderable, despiteuncertainty.This is basedonlyon individ- ual indicators of avoided losses, expenditures and investment requirements. In reality, TAMD will have a system-wide impact, causing many costs to fall simultaneously and generating greater investment returns (Barrett 2014).26 In addition Barrett states that his analysis did not factor in future escalation of climate change effects. This suggests that the likelihood of even higher Net PresentValues ofTAMDin the future. OpenAccess This chapter is distributed under the termsof theCreativeCommonsAttribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in anymedium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to theCreativeCommons license and indicate if changesweremade. The images or other third partymaterial in this chapter are included in thework’s Creative Commons license, unless indicatedotherwise in thecredit line; if suchmaterial is not included in the work’s Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce thematerial. 25See note 1. 26Barrett, S. (2014). Cost andValuesAnalysis of TAMD inKenya. IIEDWorking Paper. IIED, London.Retrieved fromhttp://pubs.iied.org/10106IIED 15 UsingParticipatoryApproaches inMeasuringResilience andDevelopment in. . . 287