Page - (000318) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

engagementandcommitmentof thepartners, theprogramfosteredandcoordinated continuous sharing of knowledge, data, and work between service providers, secretariats,municipalities and other stakeholders fromdistinct sectors and scales of decisionmaking. Thus, it influenced progress towards overcoming someof the historical challenges related to droughtmanagement inBrazil. Keywords Drought •Climate change •Outcomeharvesting •Resilience 17.1 Introduction Extremedroughtsandclimatechangeare increasinglyseenas importantchallenges to achieving green growth, improving agricultural livestock production, meeting water supply needs, and for residential users and commercial/industrial producers inBrazil (WorldBank2012).AccordingtotheWorldBank’srecentTurnDownthe Heat reports, scientists expect drought phenomena to increase in frequency, dura- tion, and intensity, ultimately translating to higher levels of evapotranspiration, reductions inarable land,andgreater foodinsecurity inmanycountriesandregions (WorldBank2012). Traditional forms of dealing with drought, based on crisis management as opposed to proactive risk management (or drought preparedness) will likely not be able to tackle the devastating and long-lasting consequences expected from future climate change scenarios. In drought prone areas, such as the Brazilian semi-arid,droughtpreparednessappearsaskeytofacetheseanticipatedchallenges. Aligned with international discussions and successful initiatives from other countries, the Brazil Drought Preparedness and Climate Resilience non-lending technical assistance program (Drought NLTA), requested by the Government of Brazil (GoB), was initiated by TheWorld Bank (WB) in July 2013 to support a process to shift the paradigm from reactive to proactive droughtmanagement. Theprogramaims to tacklehistorical challenges to the improvementofdrought management in the country, through the promotion of knowledge exchange and through support for the development of drought preparednessmeasures and tools. Fostering drought resilience, and, as a consequence, climate change resilience, in the Brazilian case, alsomeans promoting a strong effort of integration of institu- tions across sectors and levels, clarification anddefinitionof roles, and thepromo- tionofbottom-upand regionally-led initiatives,working towardsaparadigmshift. The Drought NLTA was designed to support Brazilian partners towards these associated institutional and technical upgrades. This chapter showcases the Drought NLTA program and highlights key-milestones and direct and indirect outcomes identified to date (the program is still being implemented at the time of drafting this chapter). It also presents the elected Planning,Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) approach, one that parallels the complexity of the program, integrating the variety of themulti-sector partners’ perspectives. Focusing on outcomes – understood as institutional changes – the PM&Eapproach provides a framework to collect and analyze outcomes that looks 306 E.Bretan andN.L.Engle