Page - (000324) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

17.4 ThePM&EApproach 17.4.1 Descriptionof theApproach Asper theabovedescription, theDroughtNLTAexhibitscharacteristicsofcomplex development intervention initiativeswith a capacitydevelopment focus, suchas: • Multi-stakeholder context; • Different perspectives from different actors on complex reform problems and solutions (lack of consensus about priorities); • Distributionof the capacities to tackle theproblemsacross actors,while noone actor is in fullcontrol (fragmenteddevelopmentcontext thatmakes itdifficult to plandevelopmentefforts effectivelywith thebroadownershipof stakeholders); • Uncertainty about how to address the problems (a need for learning to adapt solutions); • Deep-rooted institutional problems (that can impede results). Considering the characteristics above, theWB has very limited or no control beyond theprogram’sactivitiesandoutputs,whoseoutcomesarehighlydependent upon the ‘buy-in’, initiative, and engagement of the partners involved.Thedesign and implementation of anNDP could be supported by theWB through technical processes and capacity building, assessments from international experts, andwith policy conceptualizing, and yet there is still no guarantee that by the end of the programsuch apolicywill be in place. The Drought NLTA then, calls for a non-traditional/non-linear (non-cause- effect) approach to PM&E. To plan, monitor, and evaluate other initiatives that have faced similar challenges within the WB Group, the World Bank Institute (WBI),5 at the time of initiating theDrought NLTA, had been piloting tools that integrated the WB’s Capacity Development Results Framework (CDRF) with OutcomeMapping (OM)andOutcomeHarvesting (OH). These threeapproachesweredevelopedseparatelyandareapplied ina rangeof initiatives around the world, usually independently from one another. OM (Earl et al. 2001) was developed by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), aCanadian development international non-governmental organization, to plan, monitor and evaluate some of its programs in developing countries that needed a strong participatory framework that could also engage partners in active change.OH (Wilson-Grau andBritt 2012)was developed by evaluators, strongly inspired byOMandMichael Patton’sUtilizationFocusedEvaluation, to evaluate complex initiatives. The CDRF (Otoo et al. 2009) was developed by theWB to 5TheWorldBankInstitute (WBI) isaglobalconnectorofknowledge, learningand innovation for poverty reduction.TheWBIsupports theWorldBank’soperationalworkanditscountryclients in this rapidly changing landscape by forging new dynamic approaches to capacity development through three areas of support: Open Knowledge, Collaborative Governance and Innovative Solutions.More information canbe found at http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/ 312 E.Bretan andN.L.Engle