Page - (000336) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

training and capacity building, and infrastructure investments to provide effec- tiveriskmanagement inherent todrought in themunicipalityofPiquetCarneiro. This rain-fedagricultureDPPhasbeenapprovedat theState level asamodel to followbyotherMunicipalities across the state and the region, and to feed into theState Plan. • Insuchparticipatoryapproaches, it iskey to involveallpartners’ representatives in the design of the Results Framework asmuch as possible – it will bemore realistic and promote greater commitment. In theDroughtNLTA implementa- tion,becauseof thedifferentpacesof itspieces, not all ofpartnerswerealready onboardwhen theRFwasdesignedand reviewed.This resulted in thedesignof somemilestones that only partially happened as theprogramdeveloped. • Perhaps thegreatest limitation that thisapproachpresents is thedifficulty to link long-term, impact evaluationoutcomesand,morespecifically, indicators, to the program. Requested by theWBTeam,Drought NLTApartners suggested some indica- tors, but most of the suggested do not capture impact (e.g., # of downloads of Drought Monitor information maps and narratives from the Drought Monitor website). The difficulties with designing impact indicators for a drought resilience pro- gramlike theDroughtNLTAare that: (i)baselinesareverychallengingtoestablish and subsequently compare; (ii) attribution of impact of DM and the DPPs in increasing drought resiliencemight only be possible by comparing against when thenextdroughthappens;and(iii) isolating theinfluenceofanspecifictool, suchas the DM, from other influences in building such resilience, is very difficult. For example: the suggested indicator # and distribution ofmonitoring network points across nine Northeast states, suggests that it would be possible to identify the impact of the DM in facilitating the expansion and penetration of climate and agriculture monitoring networks in Brazil. However, this impact is difficult to assessbecauseotherfactorscouldbecontributingequallyormore to theexpansion, such as economic and political decisions that have no direct relationshipwith the DroughtMonitor. Other suggested long-term indicators to be monitored that fall in a similar situation are: • #of cities that adopt urgentmeasures (suchaswater rationing)duringdrought declarationperiods • #ofwater tank-trucks to providewater for humanuseduringdrought declara- tionperiods • # of people with non-interrupted access to water during drought declaration periods Designingandevaluating the impact ofdroughtpreparedness andother climate change adaptation and resilience initiatives remains a challenge that this specific approach, todate, couldonlybegin to scratch, preciselybecauseof thecomplexity of the factors that influence the outcomes.However, if contribution to impact can 324 E.Bretan andN.L.Engle