Page - (000342) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

systemsan initial list of specificpurposes for adaptationM&Ewasdrafted.These specific purposes are universally formulated to ensure broad applicability and to avoid an unmanageable number of individual cases. The initial list was sent for comments to adaptation andM&E experts, including selected participants of the 2nd International Conference on Evaluating Climate Change and Development. The resulting list includesnine specificpurposes foradaptationM&Ewhichare categorised into process or outcome-oriented assessments: • Assessingadaptationprocesses – Monitoring the integrationof adaptation into planningprocesses – Monitoring the implementation of adaptation programmes, projects or actions – Monitoring the implementation of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process – Tracking which adaptation activities are taking place at national or sub-national level • Assessingadaptationoutcomes – Assessing the results of adaptation projects or actions – Assessing the results of a programmeor portfolio of adaptationprojects – Assessingwhether vulnerability has been reduced as a result of adaptation programmes, projects or actions – Assessingprogress towardsadaptationgoals, targetsor intendedoutcomesat national level – Assessingwhetherresiliencetoclimatechangehasbeenimprovedatnational level These nine specific purposes are examples of common reasons for undertaking adaptationM&E–eitherduringorafter the implementationofan intervention.The AdaptationM&ENavigator does not, however, include consideration of assess- ments that typically take place before implementation starts such as identifying climatechange impactsandappraisingadaptationoptions (e.g.PROVIA2013).An exception is the assessment of vulnerability at the start of an intervention if its purpose is to measure adaptation progress over time (e.g. Fritzsche et al. 2014, pp. 155–163). TheAdaptationM&ENavigator does not cover tracking financial flows for adaptation (see for exampleTerpstra andPeterson-Carvalho2015). 18.3 Connecting theSpecificPurposes toSuitableM&E Approaches ThespecificpurposesforadaptationM&Eoutlinedabovediffer inregardtowhat is beingmonitoredorevaluated,atwhat level,overshorteror longer timeperiodsand whether the focus is on processes or outcomes. Accordingly, each of the specific 330 T.Leiter