Page - 1 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

energies Review AComprehensiveStudyofKeyElectricVehicle (EV) Components,Technologies,Challenges, Impacts,and FutureDirectionofDevelopment FuadUn-Noor1,SanjeevikumarPadmanaban2,*,LucianMihet-Popa3, MohammadNurunnabiMollah1 andEklasHossain4,* 1 DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicEngineering,KhulnaUniversityofEngineeringandTechnology, Khulna9203,Bangladesh; fuad9304@gmail.com(F.U.-N.);nurunnabim12@gmail.com(M.N.M.) 2 DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,Universityof Johannesburg, AucklandPark2006,SouthAfrica 3 FacultyofEngineering,ØstfoldUniversityCollege,Kobberslagerstredet5,1671Kråkeroy-Fredrikstad, Norway; lucian.mihet@hiof.no 4 DepartmentofElectricalEngineering&RenewableEnergy,OregonTech,KlamathFalls,OR97601,USA * Correspondence: sanjeevi_12@yahoo.co.in (S.P.); eklas.hossain@oit.edu(E.H.); Tel.:+27-79-219-9845 (S.P.);+1-541-885-1516 (E.H.) AcademicEditor: SergioSaponara Received: 8May2017;Accepted: 21 July2017;Published: 17August2017 Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV), includingBatteryElectricVehicle (BEV),HybridElectricVehicle (HEV), Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle (PHEV), FuelCell ElectricVehicle (FCEV), are becoming morecommonplace in the transportationsector inrecent times.As thepresent trendsuggests, this modeof transport is likely toreplace internalcombustionengine (ICE)vehicles in thenear future. Each of themainEV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can becomeprominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilitieswith enoughEVpenetration,butwithpropermanagementandcoordination,EVscanbeturnedintoa majorcontributor to thesuccessful implementationof thesmartgridconcept. Therearepossibilities of immenseenvironmentalbenefitsaswell, as theEVscanextensivelyreduce thegreenhousegas emissionsproducedbythe transportationsector.However, therearesomemajorobstacles forEVs toovercomebefore totallyreplacingICEvehicles. Thispaper is focusedonreviewingall theuseful dataavailableonEVconfigurations,batteryenergysources, electricalmachines, charging techniques, optimizationtechniques, impacts, trends,andpossibledirectionsoffuturedevelopments. Itsobjective is toprovideanoverall pictureof the currentEV technologyandwaysof futuredevelopment to assist in futureresearches in this sector. Keywords: electricvehicle; energysources;motors; chargingtechnologies; effectsofEVs; limitations ofEVs;energymanagement; controlalgorithms;globalEVsales; trendsandfuturedevelopments 1. Introduction Inrecent times,electricvehicles (EV)aregainingpopularity,andthereasonsbehindthisaremany. Themost eminentone is their contribution in reducinggreenhousegas (GHG)emissions. In2009, the transportationsectoremitted25%of theGHGsproducedbyenergyrelatedsectors [1]. EVs,with enoughpenetration in the transportationsector,areexpectedtoreduce thatfigure,but this isnot the onlyreasonbringingthiscenturyoldandoncedeadconceptbackto life, this timeasacommercially viableandavailableproduct.Asavehicle,anEVisquiet, easy tooperate,anddoesnothavethe fuel costsassociatedwithconventionalvehicles.Asanurbantransportmode, it ishighlyuseful. Itdoes Energies 2017,10, 1217;doi:10.3390/en10081217 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies1