Page - 3 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 Therearequitea fewconfigurationsandoptions tobuildanEVwith. EVscanbesolelydriven with stored electrical power, some cangenerate this energy froman ICE, and there are also some vehicles that employboth the ICEand the electricalmotors together. Thegeneral classification is discussedinSection2,whereasdifferentconfigurationsaredescribedinSection3. EVsusedifferent typesofenergystorage tostore theirpower. Thoughbatteriesare themostusedones,ultracapacitors, flywheelsandfuelcellsarealsoupandcomingaspotentialenergystoragesystems(ESS).Section4 is dedicatedto theseenergysources. Thetypesofmotors thathavebeenusedinEVsandcanbeused in futurearediscussed inSection5. Different chargingvoltagesandcharger configurationscanbe used incharging thevehicles.Wireless charging isalsobeingexaminedandexperimentedwith to increase convenience. These charger standards, configurationsandpower conversion systemsare demonstrated inSections6–8discusses theeffectsEVscreate indifferentsectors. Beingadeveloping technology, EVs still havemany limitations that have tobeovercome to enable themtopenetrate deeper into themarket. These limitationsarepointedout inSection9alongwithprobablesolutions. Section 10 summedup some strategies used in EVs to enable proper use of the available power. Section11presenteddifferent typesofcontrolalgorithmsusedforbetterdrivingassistance,energy management,andcharging. Thecurrentstateof theglobalEVmarket isbrieflypresentedinSection12, followedbySection13containingthe trendsandsectors thatmaygetdevelopedin the future. Finally, theultimateoutcomesof thispaper ispresented inSection14. Thetopicscoveredin thispaperhave beendiscussed indifferent literatures. Over theyears, a numberofpublicationshavebeenmade discussingdifferentaspectsofEVtechnology. Thispaperwascreatedasaneffort tosumupall these works todemonstrate thestate-of-theartof thesystemandtopositiondifferent technologiessideby side tofindout theirmeritsanddemerits, andinsomecases,whichoneof themcanmake itswayto the futureEVs. 2. EVTypes EVscanrunsolelyonelectricpropulsionor theycanhaveanICEworkingalongside it.Having onlybatteriesasenergysourceconstitutes thebasickindofEV,but therearekinds thatcanemploy otherenergysourcemodes. ThesecanbecalledhybridEVs(HEVs). The InternationalElectrotechnical Commission’sTechnicalCommittee69 (ElectricRoadVehicles)proposedthatvehiclesusingtwoor more typesof energysource, storageor converters canbecalledasanHEVas longasat least one of thoseprovideelectricalenergy[4]. Thisdefinitionmakesa lotofcombinationspossible forHEVs like ICEandbattery,batteryandflywheel,batteryandcapacitor,batteryandfuelcell, etc. Therefore, thecommonpopulationandspecialistsbothstartedcallingvehicleswithanICEandelectricmotor combinationHEVs, battery and capacitor ones as ultra-capacitor-assistedEVs, and the oneswith batteryandfuel cellFCEVs[2–4]. These terminologieshavebecomewidelyacceptedandaccordingto thisnorm,EVscanbecategorizedas follows: (1) BatteryElectricVehicle (BEV) (2) HybridElectricVehicle (HEV) (3) Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle (PHEV) (4) FuelCellElectricVehicle (FCEV) 2.1. BatteryElectricVehicle (BEV) EVswithonlybatteries toprovidepower to thedrive trainareknownasBEVs. BEVshave torely solelyontheenergystored in theirbatterypacks; therefore therangeofsuchvehiclesdependsdirectly onthebatterycapacity. Typically theycancover100km–250kmononecharge[5],whereas thetop-tier modelscangoa lot further, from300kmto500km[5]. Theserangesdependondrivingconditionand style,vehicleconfigurations, roadconditions, climate,battery typeandage.Oncedepleted,charging thebatterypacktakesquitea lotof timecomparedtorefuelingaconventional ICEvehicle. It can take as longas36hcompletelyreplenish thebatteries [6,7], thereare far less timeconsumingonesaswell, 3