Page - 9 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 Figure9.PFCVconfiguration. Inaddition to the fuel cells, thisarrangementcandirectlycharge the battery fromapoweroutlet. Table1.Comparisonofdifferentvehicle types.Adaptedfrom[4]. EVType DrivingComponent EnergySource Features Problems BEV • Electricmotor • Battery • Ultracapacitor • Noemission • Notdependentonoil • Rangedepends largelyon the typeofbatteryused • Availablecommercially • Batteryprice andcapacity • Range • Chargingtime • Availabilityof chargingstations • Highprice HEV • Electricmotor • ICE • Battery • Ultracapacitor • ICE • Very littleemission • Longrange • Cangetpower fromboth electric supplyandfuel • Complexstructurehaving bothelectricaland mechanicaldrivetrains • Availablecommercially • Managementof the energysources • Batteryandengine sizeoptimization FCEV • Electricmotor • Fuelcell • Very littleornoemission • Highefficiency • Notdependentonsupply ofelectricity • Highprice • Availablecommercially • Costof fuel cell • Feasiblewayto produce fuel • Availabilityof fuelingfacilities 3. EVConfigurations Anelectricvehicle,unlike its ICEcounterparts, isquiteflexible [4]. This isbecauseof theabsence of intricatemechanicalarrangements thatarerequiredtorunaconventionalvehicle. InanEV, there is only onemoving part, themotor. It can be controlled by different control arrangements and techniques. Themotorneedsapowersupply to runwhichcanbe fromanarrayof sources. These twocomponentscanbeplacedatdifferent locationsonthevehicleandas longas theyareconnected throughelectricalwires, thevehiclewillwork. Thenagain, anEVcanrunsolelyonelectricity, but anICEandelectricmotorcanalsowork inconjunctionto turnthewheels. Becauseofsuchflexibility, different configurations emergedwhich are adopted according to the type of vehicle. AnEVcan beconsideredasa systemincorporating threedifferent subsystems [4]: energysource, propulsion and auxiliary. The energy source subsystem includes the source, its refueling systemand energy 9