Page - 20 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 Some of the prominent battery types are: lead-acid, Ni-Cd, Ni-Zn, Zn/air, Ni-MH, Na/S, Li-polymer andLi-ion batteries. Yong et al., also showedabatterymadeout of graphene for EV usewhoseadvantages, structuralmodelandapplication isdescribedin[34].Differentbattery types havetheirownprosandcons,andwhileselectingone, these thingshavetobekept inmind. In [35], Khaligh et al., providedkey features of someknownbatterieswhicharedemonstrated inTable 6. In Table 7, common battery types are juxtaposed to relative advantage of one battery type over theothers. Table6.Commonbattery types, theirbasicconstructioncomponents,advantagesanddisadvantages. Data from[35–44]. BatteryType Components Advantage Disadvantage Lead-acid • Negativeactive material: spongylead • Positiveactive material: leadoxide • Electrolyte: diluted sulfuricacid • Available inproductionvolume • Comparatively lowincost • Mature technologyasusedfor overfiftyyears • Cannotdischargemore than 20%of its capacity • Hasa limited lifecycle if operatedonadeeprateofSOC (stateofcharge) • Lowenergyandpowerdensity • Heavier • Mayneedmaintenance NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) • Electrolyte: alkalinesolution • Positiveelectrode: nickelhydroxide • Negativeelectrode: alloyofnickel, titanium,vanadium andothermetals. • Doubleenergydensity comparedto lead-acid • Harmless to theenvironment • Recyclable • Safeoperationathighvoltage • Canstorevolumetricpower andenergy • Cycle life is longer • Operatingtemperaturerange is long • Resistant toover-charge anddischarge • Reducedlifetimeofaround 200–300cycles ifdischarged rapidlyonhigh loadcurrents • Reducedusablepower becauseofmemoryeffect Li-Ion (Lithium-Ion) • Positiveelectrode: oxidized cobaltmaterial • Negativeelectrode: carbonmaterial • Electrolyte: lithium salt solution inan organicsolvent • Highenergydensity, twice ofNiMH • Goodperformanceat hightemperature • Recyclable • Lowmemoryeffect • Highspecificpower • Highspecificenergy • Longbattery life, around 1000cycles • Highcost • Rechargingstill takesquitea longtime, thoughbetter than mostbatteries Ni-Zn (Nickel-Zinc) • Positiveelectrode: nickeloxyhydroxide • Negative electrode:zinc • Highenergydensity • Highpowerdensity • Uses lowcostmaterial • Capableofdeepcycle • Friendly toenvironment • Usable inawidetemperature rangefrom−10 ◦Cto50 ◦C • Fastgrowthofdendrite, preventinguse invehicles Ni-Cd (Nickel-Cadmium) • Positiveelectrode: nickelhydroxide • Negative electrode: cadmium • Longlifetime • Candischarge fullywithout beingdamaged • Recyclable • Cadmiumcancausepollution incaseofnotbeingproperly disposedof • Costly for vehicularapplication 20